Chứng minh rằng: \(S=\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{19^2}+\dfrac{1}{19^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{19^{10}}< \dfrac{1}{18}\)
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Ta có \(\dfrac{6}{15}>\dfrac{6}{16}>...>\dfrac{6}{19}\) nên \(S< \dfrac{6}{15}.5=2\).
Lại có \(S>\dfrac{6}{19}.5>1\) nên \(1< S< 2\)
\(A=\dfrac{19+\dfrac{18}{2}+\dfrac{17}{3}+\dfrac{16}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{19}}{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{20}}\)
Biến đổi tử số
\(19+\dfrac{18}{2}+\dfrac{17}{3}+\dfrac{16}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{19}\)
= 1 + \(\left(1+\dfrac{18}{2}\right)+\left(1+\dfrac{17}{3}\right)+\left(1+\dfrac{16}{4}\right)+...+\left(1+\dfrac{1}{19}\right)\)
= \(\dfrac{20}{20}+\dfrac{20}{2}+\dfrac{20}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{19}\)
= 20 x \(\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{20}\right)\)
Vậy \(A=\dfrac{19+\dfrac{18}{2}+\dfrac{17}{3}+\dfrac{16}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{19}}{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{20}}\)
= \(\dfrac{20\times\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{20}\right)}{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{20}}=20\)
Vậy A = 20
Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{2}{18}+...+\dfrac{19}{1}=\left(\dfrac{1}{19}+1\right)+\left(\dfrac{2}{18}+1\right)+...+1\)
\(=\dfrac{20}{19}+\dfrac{20}{18}+...+\dfrac{20}{2}+\dfrac{20}{20}=20\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{20}\right)\)
Thế lại bài toán ta được
\(\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{2}{18}+...+\dfrac{19}{1}}{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{20}}=\dfrac{20\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{20}\right)}{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{20}}=20\)
Ta có
\(\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{2}{18}+\dfrac{3}{17}+...+\dfrac{19}{1}\\ =\dfrac{1}{19}+1+\dfrac{2}{18}+1+\dfrac{3}{17}+1+...+\dfrac{19}{1}+1-19\\ =\dfrac{20}{19}+\dfrac{20}{18}+\dfrac{20}{17}+...+\dfrac{20}{1}-19\\ =\dfrac{20}{19}+\dfrac{20}{18}+...+\dfrac{20}{2}+20-19\\ =\dfrac{20}{19}+\dfrac{20}{18}+\dfrac{20}{17}+...+\dfrac{20}{2}+1+19-19\\ =\dfrac{20}{20}+\dfrac{20}{19}+\dfrac{20}{18}+...+\dfrac{20}{2}\\ =20\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{20}+\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{18}+...+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\)
Thế vào ta có:
\(\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{2}{18}+\dfrac{3}{17}+...+\dfrac{19}{1}}{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{20}}\\ =\dfrac{20\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{20}+\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{18}+...+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)}{\dfrac{1}{20}+\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{18}+...+\dfrac{1}{2}}\\ =20\)
\(A=\dfrac{3}{1^2+2^2}+\dfrac{5}{2^2+3^2}+...+\dfrac{19}{9^2+10^2}\) (sửa \(1^22^2\) thành \(1^2+2^2\))
Ta có : \(\left(1+2\right)^2=1^2+2^2+2.1.2\Rightarrow1^2+2^2< \left(1+2\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow1^2+2^2< 3^2=3.3\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{1^2+2^2}< \dfrac{1}{3}< 1\)
Tương tự \(\dfrac{5}{2^2+3^2}< \dfrac{1}{5}< 1\)
\(.....\)
\(\dfrac{9}{9^2+10^2}< \dfrac{1}{19}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{3}{1^2+2^2}+\dfrac{5}{2^2+3^2}+...+\dfrac{19}{9^2+10^2}< 1.9=9< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow dpcm\)
1) \(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{13}{19}-\dfrac{4}{9}+\dfrac{6}{19}+\dfrac{5}{18}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}+\left(\dfrac{13}{19}+\dfrac{6}{19}\right)-\dfrac{4}{9}+\dfrac{5}{18}\)
\(=\dfrac{3}{2}-\dfrac{4}{9}+\dfrac{5}{18}\)
\(=\dfrac{19}{18}+\dfrac{5}{18}\)
\(=\dfrac{24}{18}\)
\(=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
2) \(\dfrac{-20}{23}+\dfrac{2}{3}-\dfrac{3}{23}+\dfrac{2}{5}+\dfrac{7}{15}\)
\(=\left(-\dfrac{20}{23}-\dfrac{3}{23}\right)+\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{2}{5}+\dfrac{7}{15}\)
\(=-1+\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{2}{5}+\dfrac{7}{15}\)
\(=-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{2}{5}+\dfrac{7}{15}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{15}+\dfrac{7}{15}\)
\(=\dfrac{8}{15}\)
3) \(\dfrac{4}{3}+\dfrac{-11}{31}+\dfrac{3}{10}-\dfrac{20}{31}-\dfrac{2}{5}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{-11}{31}-\dfrac{20}{31}\right)+\dfrac{4}{3}+\dfrac{3}{10}-\dfrac{2}{5}\)
\(=-1+\dfrac{4}{3}+\dfrac{3}{10}-\dfrac{2}{5}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{3}{10}-\dfrac{2}{5}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{10}\)
\(=\dfrac{7}{30}\)
4) \(\dfrac{5}{7}.\dfrac{5}{11}+\dfrac{5}{7}.\dfrac{2}{11}-\dfrac{5}{7}.\dfrac{14}{11}\)
\(=\dfrac{5}{7}.\left(\dfrac{5}{11}+\dfrac{2}{11}-\dfrac{14}{11}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{5}{7}.-\dfrac{7}{11}\)
\(=-\dfrac{35}{77}\)
\(=-\dfrac{5}{11}\)
1: \(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{9}{10}+\dfrac{5}{6}-\dfrac{11}{14}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{-4}{35}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{5}{6}-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)+\dfrac{9}{10}-\left(\dfrac{11}{14}+\dfrac{4}{35}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{3+5-2}{6}+\dfrac{9}{10}-\dfrac{55+8}{70}\)
\(=1+\dfrac{9}{10}-\dfrac{9}{10}\)
=1
\(\dfrac{3}{1^2.2^2}+\dfrac{5}{2^2.3^2}+\dfrac{7}{3^2.4^2}+...+\dfrac{19}{9^2.10^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{3}{1.4}+\dfrac{5}{4.9}+\dfrac{7}{9.16}+...+\dfrac{19}{81.100}\)
\(=1-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{16}+...+\dfrac{1}{81}-\dfrac{1}{100}\)
\(=1-\dfrac{1}{100}< 1\left(dpcm\right)\)
`S=1/19+1/19^2+1/19^3+........+1/19^20`
`=>19S=1+1/19+1/19^2+.....+1/19^19`
`=>19S-S=18S=1-1/19^20<1`
`=>S<1/18(đpcm)`
Giải:
S=\(\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{19^2}+\dfrac{1}{19^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{19^{10}}\)
19S=\(1+\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{19^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{19^9}\)
19S-S=\(\left(1+\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{19^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{19^9}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{19}+\dfrac{1}{19^2}+\dfrac{1}{19^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{19^{10}}\right)\)
18S=1-\(\dfrac{1}{19^{10}}\)
S=(1-\(\dfrac{1}{19^{10}}\) ):18
S=\(1:18-\dfrac{1}{19^{10}}:18\)
S=\(\dfrac{1}{18}-\dfrac{1}{19^{10}.18}\)
⇒S<\(\dfrac{1}{18}\) (đpcm)
Chúc bạn học tốt!