Cho AK và BM là hai trung tuyến của tam giác ABC. Hãy phân tích các vectơ \(\overrightarrow{AB,}\overrightarrow{BC},\overrightarrow{CA}\) theo hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow{u}=\overrightarrow{AK};\overrightarrow{v}=\overrightarrow{BM}\) ?
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![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Ta có: \(\overrightarrow{MB}=3\overrightarrow{MC}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{MB}=3\left(\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{MB}=3\overrightarrow{MB}+3\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(\Rightarrow-\overrightarrow{MB}=3\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{BM}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}\). Mà \(\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\) nên \(\overrightarrow{BM}=\dfrac{2}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)\)
Theo quy tắc 3 điểm, ta có
\(\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BM}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AM}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\) hay \(\overrightarrow{AM}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{u}+\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{v}\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Tham khảo:
a) M thuộc cạnh BC nên vectơ \(\overrightarrow {MB} \) và \(\overrightarrow {MC} \) ngược hướng với nhau.
Lại có: MB = 3 MC \( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {MB} = - 3.\overrightarrow {MC} \)
b) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AM} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BM} \)
Mà \(BM = \dfrac{3}{4}BC\) nên \(\overrightarrow {BM} = \dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow {BC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AM} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow {BC} \)
Lại có: \(\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {AC} - \overrightarrow {AB} \) (quy tắc hiệu)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AM} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \dfrac{3}{4}\left( {\overrightarrow {AC} - \overrightarrow {AB} } \right) = \dfrac{1}{4}.\overrightarrow {AB} + \dfrac{3}{4}.\overrightarrow {AC} \)
Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AM} = \dfrac{1}{4}.\overrightarrow {AB} + \dfrac{3}{4}.\overrightarrow {AC} \)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
\(\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{CM}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{CB}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{CA}+\overrightarrow{AB}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{CA}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\).
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Theo các xác định điểm M, N ta có:
\(\overrightarrow{AM}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB};\overrightarrow{AN}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}.\)
Theo tính chất trung điểm của MN ta có:
\(\overrightarrow{AK}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AM}+\overrightarrow{AN}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\).
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
a.
\(\overrightarrow{AM}+\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{CM}+\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MC}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{BM}\)
b.
\(\overrightarrow{AE}=3\overrightarrow{EM}=3\overrightarrow{EA}+3\overrightarrow{AM}\Rightarrow4\overrightarrow{AE}=3\overrightarrow{AM}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AE}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AM}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AE}=\dfrac{3}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{BE}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AE}=-\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}=-\dfrac{5}{8}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{BK}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AK}=-\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{8}{5}\overrightarrow{BE}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) B, E, K thẳng hàng
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Theo tính chất trung điểm
\(\overrightarrow{AE}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AD}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\)\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AD}+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\)\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AD}+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)=\overrightarrow{AD}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}=\overrightarrow{u}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{v}\).
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
a.
Do M là trung điểm OB \(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{OM}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{OB}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AO}+\overrightarrow{OM}=-\overrightarrow{OA}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{OB}\)
b.
Do N là trung điểm OC \(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{ON}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{OC}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{BN}=\overrightarrow{BO}+\overrightarrow{ON}=-\overrightarrow{OB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{OC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{MN}=\overrightarrow{MO}+\overrightarrow{ON}=-\overrightarrow{OM}+\overrightarrow{ON}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{OB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{OC}\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Lời giải:
Theo đề ta có: $\overrightarrow{BM}=2\overrightarrow{MC}=-2\overrightarrow{CM}$
$\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BM}(1)$
$=\overrightarrow{AB}-2\overrightarrow{CM}$
$\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{CM}$
$\Rightarrow 2\overrightarrow{AM}=2\overrightarrow{AC}+2\overrightarrow{CM}(2)$
Lấy $(1)+(2)\Rightarrow 3\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+2\overrightarrow{AC}$
$\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{AM}=\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}$
Gọi G là giao điểm của AK, BM thì G là trọng tâm của tam giác.
Ta có
= ![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program.](http://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/article/2017/0214/bai-2-trang-17-sgk-hinh-hoc-lop-10_10_1487055708.jpg)
=>
=
![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program.](http://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/article/2017/0214/bai-2-trang-17-sgk-hinh-hoc-lop-10_4_1487055708.jpg)
Theo quy tắc 3 điểm đối với tổng vec tơ:
AK là trung tuyến thuộc cạnh BC nên
Từ đây ta có
= ![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program.](http://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/article/2017/0214/bai-2-trang-17-sgk-hinh-hoc-lop-10_42_1487055708.jpg)
+![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program.](http://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/article/2017/0214/bai-2-trang-17-sgk-hinh-hoc-lop-10_10_1487055708.jpg)
=>
= -![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program.](http://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/article/2017/0214/bai-2-trang-17-sgk-hinh-hoc-lop-10_42_1487055708.jpg)
- ![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program.](http://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/article/2017/0214/bai-2-trang-17-sgk-hinh-hoc-lop-10_10_1487055708.jpg)
.
BM là trung tuyến thuộc đỉnh B nên
=>
= ![This is the rendered form of the equation. You can not edit this directly. Right click will give you the option to save the image, and in most browsers you can drag the image onto your desktop or another program.](http://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/article/2017/0214/bai-2-trang-17-sgk-hinh-hoc-lop-10_10_1487055708.jpg)
+
.