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Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.
B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.
C These messages could be sent very quickly.
D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.
E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.
F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.
War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.
Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.
The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 (A )
Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( C). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.
Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 (F ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.
Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 ( B) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.
Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.
B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.
C These messages could be sent very quickly.
D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.
E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.
F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.
War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.
Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.
The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 (A )
Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( C). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.
Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 (F ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.
Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 (B ) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.
One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. He was standing at the edge of one of tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the words "More!"
The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.
"Oh, yes. That´s one of the words he knows," the director said, showing no surprise at all.
Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a "language", in the real sense of the word? Scientist don´t agree on this.
1/ The dolphin leapt into the air because
A. Sagan was too near the water
B. it was part of the game they were playing.
C. he wanted Sagan to scratch him again
D. Sagan wanted to communicate with him
2/ "Dolphins" brains are particularly well developed to
A. help them to travle fast in water
B. arrange sounds in different structures
C. respond to different kinds of sound
D. communicate with humans through sound
B. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space.
1. The first inhabitants of Iceland were a group of _Norwegian_ families who settled on the island in AD 874. NORWAY
2. There was disagreement about whether the country needs to maintain a _deterence_. DETER
3. Hundreds of _ evacuees_ from the war zone have arrived in the city and we are trying to find homes for them. EVACUATE
4. _Bedridden patients are often given exercises to help prevent their muscles from becoming stiff. BED
5. It was this passion for fast cars that led to his _untimely_ death at the age of 33. TIME
6. Every effort is made to _rectify_ any errors before the book is printed. RIGHT
7. In a recent opinion poll, a majority of _respondents__ were against nuclear weapons. RESPONSE
8. Her mouth is _seductively__ lipsticked and her eyes are wide open with anticipation. SEDUCE
9. The script has a refreshing _spontaneity_ and sparkle. SPONTANEOUS
10. It’s better to be an _omnivore_ and eat a variety of plant and animals in case there is a shortage of one particular kind of food.
39. It would appear that Thomas _________
A. has organized a protest recently.
B. takes an interest in important events.
C. has no contact with other homeless people.
D. is not as poor as he used to be.
40. When Thomas was in the Navy, he _________
A. only visited three countries.
B. enjoyed the strict life on board ship.
C. was very well paid for the job he did.
D. liked meeting people from different countries.
41. Thomas changed his job because he _________
A. was too old to stay in the Navy.
B. wanted to start a family.
C. wanted to be near his relatives in New York.
D. did not enjoy the work any more.
42. Thomas lost his job and became a tramp because _________
A. he did not have any family.
B. he was tired of doing normal job.
C. of reasons he does not want to discuss
D. of the death of his parents.
43. The text states that Thomas thinks the President _________
A. should not allow home people to stay on the streets.
B.should increase pensions for oldpeople.
C. has not had enough time to change things.
D.should have done more to help people like him
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For question 36-45, read the text. Use the words given in CAPITALS to form a word that fits in the numbered gaps. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answer on YOUR ANSWER part.
It is sometimes said that your schooldays are the (0. happy) days of your life, and people often feel that this should be a period of (36. ENJOY) enjoyment. However, exams often affect students’ happiness, and many students express a (37. PREFER) preference for alternative methods of assessment, where the work they do throughout the year counts towards their final mark. They say that exams test short-term memory and (38. KNOW) knowledge which is forgotten immediately after the exam. Also, assessing coursework as part of the final marks changes students' (39. BEHAVE) behaviour; making them more (40. RESPONSIBILITY)responsible about studying. There are some students, however, who prefer final examinations, saying that in (41. COMPARE) comparement they only have to work hard for two months a year and so they have more time for their leisure (42. ACT)activity. They say that some students receive (43. ASSIST) with their coursework from their parents, so it is not an accurate (44. MEASURE)measuring of how hard they have worked or of their real (45. ABLE)ability in the subject they are studying.
In each sentences there is one error in the use of a prepositional phrase. Correct each error
A bone discovered in\(\Rightarrow\) by chance in the 17th century was the beginning of the search for dinosaurs. From then in\(\Rightarrow\)on, scientists and the public have been fascinated by these creatures. In accordance to\(\Rightarrow\) with beliefs at the time, the initial discovery was thought to be the bone of a human giant. However, in 1824, a scientist, William Buckland ,calculated that the bone belonged to a 12-metre, flesh-eating reptile and named it Megalosaurus, on \(\Rightarrow\) in the process giving us the first of the wonderful list of exotic names for dinosaurs. The 17th century discovery had, on\(\Rightarrow\) in turn, led to a series of futher names for further finds around that time. All these at\(\Rightarrow\) to a greater or lesser extent confirmed Buckland's theories. For \(\Rightarrow\) By far the biggest dinosaur discovered to date was probaly over 40 metres long. To \(\Rightarrow\)For the most part, dinosaurs ranged from the size of a chicken to that of a giraffe. At \(\Rightarrow\) In most respects, what we know about their habits is still very limited. What we do know is at least on \(\Rightarrow\)to some extent based on pure speculation
41 A
42 C
43 D
44 D
45 B
46 A
47 D
48 C
49 A
50 C
51 D
52 A
53 D