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Lời giải:
\(\overrightarrow{JA}+2\overrightarrow{JB}+3\overrightarrow{JC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow{JA}+2(\overrightarrow{JA}+\overrightarrow{AB})+3(\overrightarrow{JA}+\overrightarrow{AC})=\overrightarrow{0}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow 6\overrightarrow{JA}+2\overrightarrow{AB}+3\overrightarrow{AC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow{AJ}=\frac{2\overrightarrow{AB}+3\overrightarrow{AC}}{6}=\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(a,\) \(\overrightarrow{IA}=2\overrightarrow{IB}-4\overrightarrow{IC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{IA}=2\overrightarrow{IB}-2\overrightarrow{IC}-2\overrightarrow{IC}=2\overrightarrow{CB}-2\overrightarrow{IC}\)
\(=2\left(\overrightarrow{AB}-\overrightarrow{AC}\right)-2\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AI}\right)\)
\(\overrightarrow{IA}=2\overrightarrow{AB}-2\overrightarrow{AC}-2\overrightarrow{AC}+2\overrightarrow{AI}\)
\(\overrightarrow{IA}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{4}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(b,\overrightarrow{IJ}=\overrightarrow{AJ}-\overrightarrow{AI}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{IA}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{4}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{4}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}-\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\left(1\right)\)
\(\overrightarrow{JG}=\overrightarrow{AG}-\overrightarrow{AJ}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AM}-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\)\((\) \(\) \(M\) \(trung\) \(điểm\) \(BC)\)
\(\overrightarrow{JG}=\dfrac{\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}}{3}-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}=-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}=-\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}-\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(1\right)\left(2\right)\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{IJ}=-4\overrightarrow{JG}\Rightarrow I,J,G\) \(thẳng\) \(hàng\)
Dễ thấy: \(\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {BA} + \overrightarrow {AC} = - \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AC} \)
Ta có:
+) \(\overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BD} \). Mà \(\overrightarrow {BD} = - \overrightarrow {DB} = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {BC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \left( { - \frac{1}{3}} \right)( - \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AC} ) = \frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
+) \(\overrightarrow {DH} = \overrightarrow {DA} + \overrightarrow {AH} = - \overrightarrow {AD} + \overrightarrow {AH} \).
Mà \(\overrightarrow {AD} = \frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} ;\;\;\overrightarrow {AH} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} .\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {DH} = - \left( {\frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) + \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} .\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {HE} = \overrightarrow {HA} + \overrightarrow {AE} = - \overrightarrow {AH} + \overrightarrow {AE} \)
Mà \(\overrightarrow {AH} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} ;\;\overrightarrow {AE} = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {HE} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} .\)
b)
Theo câu a, ta có: \(\overrightarrow {DH} = \overrightarrow {HE} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \) Hai vecto \(\overrightarrow {DH} ,\overrightarrow {HE} \) cùng phương.
\( \Leftrightarrow \)D, E, H thẳng hàng
Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {AC} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a \)
Lại có: vecto \(\overrightarrow {BD} ,\overrightarrow {BC} \) cùng hướng và \(\left| {\overrightarrow {BD} } \right| = \frac{1}{3}\left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right|\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {BD} = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {BC} = \frac{1}{3}(\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a )\)
Tương tự: vecto \(\overrightarrow {BE} ,\overrightarrow {BC} \) cùng hướng và \(\left| {\overrightarrow {BE} } \right| = \frac{2}{3}\left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right|\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {BE} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {BC} = \frac{2}{3}(\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a )\)
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BD} = \overrightarrow {AD} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}(\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a ) = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b \)
\(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BE} = \overrightarrow {AE} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AE} = \overrightarrow a + \frac{2}{3}(\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a ) = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b \)
