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S = \(\frac{1}{2^0}+\frac{2}{2^1}+\frac{3}{2^2}+...+\frac{1992}{2^{1991}}\)
2.S = \(2+\frac{2}{2^0}+\frac{3}{2^1}+...+\frac{1992}{2^{1990}}\)
=> 2.S - S = \(2+\frac{1}{2^0}+\frac{1}{2^1}+\frac{1}{2^2}+...+\frac{1}{2^{1990}}-\frac{1992}{2^{1991}}\)
=> S = \(2-\frac{1992}{2^{1991}}+\left(\frac{1}{2^0}+\frac{1}{2^1}+\frac{1}{2^2}+...+\frac{1}{2^{1990}}\right)\)
Đặt A = \(\frac{1}{2^0}+\frac{1}{2^1}+\frac{1}{2^2}+...+\frac{1}{2^{1990}}\)
=>2.A = 2 + \(\frac{1}{2^0}+\frac{1}{2^1}+...+\frac{1}{2^{1989}}\)
=> 2.A - A = 2 - \(\frac{1}{2^{1990}}\)=A
Vậy S = \(4-\frac{1}{2^{1990}}-\frac{1992}{2^{1991}}<4\)
\(\frac{B}{A}=\frac{\frac{2012}{1}+\frac{2011}{2}+\frac{2010}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2012}}{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2013}}\)
\(=\frac{\left(\frac{2011}{2}+1\right)+\left(\frac{2010}{3}+1\right)+...+\left(\frac{1}{2012}+1\right)+1}{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2013}}\)
\(=\frac{\frac{2013}{2}+\frac{2013}{3}+\frac{2013}{4}+....+\frac{2013}{2012}+\frac{2013}{2013}}{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+....+\frac{1}{2013}}\)
\(=\frac{2013\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+....+\frac{1}{2013}\right)}{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2013}}=2013\)
\(S=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2017}+\frac{1}{2018}-2\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(S=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2018}-2.\frac{1}{2}\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{1009}\right)\)
\(S=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2018}-\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{1009}\right)\)
\(S=\frac{1}{1010}+\frac{1}{1011}+...+\frac{1}{2018}=P-1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(S-P\right)^{2018}=\left(P-1-P\right)^{2018}=\left(-1\right)^{2018}=1\)
4S=\(\dfrac{4}{2^2}-\dfrac{4}{2^4}+\dfrac{4}{2^6}-...+\dfrac{4}{2^{4n-2}}-\dfrac{4}{2^{4n}}+...+\dfrac{4}{2^{2002}}-\dfrac{4}{2^{2004}}\)
4S=1-\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^4}-,...-\dfrac{1}{2^{2002}}\)
4S+S=1-\(\dfrac{1}{2^{2004}}\)
5S=\(\dfrac{2^{2004}-1}{2^{2004}}\)<1
\(\Rightarrow\)5S<1 hay S<\(\dfrac{1}{5}\)=0,2(đpcm)
\(S=1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+......+\frac{1}{2011}-\frac{1}{2012}+\frac{1}{2013}\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+......+\frac{1}{2013}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+.....+\frac{1}{2012}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+.....+\frac{1}{2013}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+....+\frac{1}{2012}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+....+\frac{1}{2012}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+.....+\frac{1}{2013}\right)-2\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+.......+\frac{1}{2012}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+.....+\frac{1}{2013}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+........+\frac{1}{1006}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{1007}+\frac{1}{1008}+......+\frac{1}{2013}\)
\(=P\)
\(\Leftrightarrow S-P=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(S-P\right)^{2013}=0\)
