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Pollution is any contamination of the environment which causes harm to the environment or the inhabitants of the environment. There are three main kinds of pollution. Air pollution can be caused by liquids, or gases that make the air harmful to breathe. There are two main types of air pollution: primary and secondary. Primary pollutants enter the air directly, like smoke from factories and car exhaust. Secondary pollutants are chemicals that mix together to pollute the air, like mixtures of emissions from vehicles and factory smoke that change to form more dangerous pollutants in the air and sunlight.

Soil pollution can be caused by pesticides, leakage from chemical tanks, oil spills, and other chemicals which get into the soil by dumping or accidental contamination. Soil pollution can also cause water pollution when underground water becomes contaminated by coming into contact with the polluted soil. Water pollution can be caused by waste products, sewage, oil spills, and litter in streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Some scientists believe that water pollution is the largest cause of death and disease in the world, causing about 14,000 deaths in the world each day.

It is not possible for anyone to predict the exact timing and effects of global pollution and global climate change brought about by pollution. There is general agreement by scientists that the global climate will continue to change, the intensity of weather effects will continue to increase, and some species of animals will become extinct

1.How many kinds of pollution are there in the text?

2.What kind of pollution is considered as the cause of the most death and disease?

1
26 tháng 10 2023

1 There are 3 kinds of pollution in the text

2 Water pollution is considered as the cause of the most death and disease 

26 tháng 10 2023

4. What kind of pollution may oil spills cause

3. What is cause of soil pollution

Pollution is any contamination of the environment which causes harm to the environment or the inhabitants of the Soil pollution can be caused by pesticides, leakage from chemical tanks, oil spills, and other chemicals which get into the soil by dumping or accidental contamination. Soil pollution can also cause water pollution when underground water becomes contaminated by coming into contact with the polluted soil. Water pollution can be caused by waste products, sewage, oil spills, and litter...
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Pollution is any contamination of the environment which causes harm to the environment or the inhabitants of the 

Soil pollution can be caused by pesticides, leakage from chemical tanks, oil spills, and other chemicals which get into the soil by dumping or accidental contamination. Soil pollution can also cause water pollution when underground water becomes contaminated by coming into contact with the polluted soil. Water pollution can be caused by waste products, sewage, oil spills, and litter in streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Some scientists believe that water pollution is the largest cause of death and disease in the world, causing about 14,000 deaths in the world each day.

It is not possible for anyone to predict the exact timing and effects of global pollution and global climate change brought about by pollution. There is general agreement by scientists that the global climate will continue to change, the intensity of weather effects will continue to increase, and some species of animals will become extinct

4. What kind of pollution may oil spills cause

3. What is cause of soil pollution

1
26 tháng 10 2023

4 Oil spills may cause water pollution

3 The causes of soil pollution are pesticides, leakage from chemical tanks, oil spills, and other chemicals which get into the soil by dumping or accidental contamination

2. Read the text and choose the best tittle for it.(Đọc văn bản và chọn tiêu đề hay nhất.)a. Environmental problems: What are they?b. Environmental protection: How important is it?c. Environmental solutions: How practical are they?The environment we live in is facing many serious problems. We need to be aware of these problems so that we can find ways to protect nature.A. Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. It is one of the biggest...
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2. Read the text and choose the best tittle for it.

(Đọc văn bản và chọn tiêu đề hay nhất.)

a. Environmental problems: What are they?

b. Environmental protection: How important is it?

c. Environmental solutions: How practical are they?

The environment we live in is facing many serious problems. We need to be aware of these problems so that we can find ways to protect nature.

A. Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. It is one of the biggest issues facing humans today. It can have serious consequences such as rising sea levels, polar ice melting, and extreme weather events like floods or heatwaves.

B. Another environmental problem is the cutting and clearing of natural forests. The loss of forests can have a negative impact on the environment. It can damage the natural habitats of many animals and put wildlife in danger. It can also destroy the natural soil and lead to climate change.

C. Air pollution is also a serious problem. It is mainly caused by waste gases that come out of vehicles, machines, or factories. When these harmful gases combine with the water in the air, they come down as rain or snow, which can damage all forms of life. In addition, this problem leads to global warming and climate change. It is also a major cause of respiratory diseases or even lung cancer.

D. Around the world, the number of endangered animals is rising. Many of them disappear because of pollution and climate change. In addition, humans illegally hunt and kill animals, and catch too many fish at once. This is upsetting the natural balance of ecosystems, which can be harmful to all living and non-living things.

2
QT
Quoc Tran Anh Le
Giáo viên
10 tháng 9 2023

Đoạn A nói về vấn đề nóng lên toàn cầu, đoạn B nói về nạn chặn cây phá rừng tự nhiên, đoạn C nói về ô nhiễm không khí, đoạn D nói về sự tuyệt chủng loài. Đây đều là các vấn đề về môi trường => chọn a.

QT
Quoc Tran Anh Le
Giáo viên
10 tháng 9 2023

Tạm dịch:

a. Các vấn đề về môi trường: Chúng là gì?

b. Bảo vệ môi trường: Nó quan trọng như thế nào?

c. Các giải pháp môi trường: Chúng thực tế như thế nào?

Môi trường chúng ta sống đang phải đối mặt với nhiều vấn đề nghiêm trọng. Chúng ta cần nhận thức rõ những vấn đề này để có thể tìm cách bảo vệ thiên nhiên.

A. Sự nóng lên toàn cầu là sự gia tăng nhiệt độ trung bình của khí quyển trái đất. Đó là một trong những vấn đề lớn nhất mà con người phải đối mặt ngày nay. Nó có thể gây ra những hậu quả nghiêm trọng như mực nước biển dâng cao, băng tan ở hai cực và các hiện tượng thời tiết khắc nghiệt như lũ lụt hoặc sóng nhiệt.

B. Một vấn đề môi trường khác là chặt phá rừng tự nhiên. Việc mất rừng có thể có tác động tiêu cực đến môi trường. Nó có thể làm hư hại môi trường sống tự nhiên của nhiều loài động vật và khiến động vật hoang dã gặp nguy hiểm. Nó cũng có thể phá hủy đất tự nhiên và dẫn đến biến đổi khí hậu.

C. Ô nhiễm không khí cũng là một vấn đề nghiêm trọng. Nguyên nhân chủ yếu là do khí thải từ xe cộ, máy móc hoặc nhà máy. Khi những khí độc hại này kết hợp với nước trong không khí, chúng sẽ tạo thành mưa hoặc tuyết, có thể gây hại cho mọi dạng sống. Ngoài ra, vấn đề này còn dẫn đến hiện tượng nóng lên toàn cầu và biến đổi khí hậu. Nó cũng là nguyên nhân chính gây ra các bệnh về đường hô hấp hay thậm chí là ung thư phổi.

D. Trên khắp thế giới, số lượng các loài động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng đang tăng lên. Nhiều con trong số chúng biến mất vì ô nhiễm và biến đổi khí hậu. Ngoài ra, còn vì con người săn bắt và giết động vật một cách bất hợp pháp và đánh bắt quá nhiều cá cùng một lúc. Điều này đang làm đảo lộn sự cân bằng tự nhiên của các hệ sinh thái, có thể gây hại cho tất cả các sinh vật sống và không sống.

Bạn nào giỏi tiếng anh dịch giúp mik với 23 Million at Risk of Disease From Dirty Water More than 300 million people in Asia, Africa and Latin America are at risk of life-threatening diseases like cholera and typhoid because of the increasing pollution of water in rivers and lakes, the U.N. Environment Program said Tuesday.  Between 1990 and 2010, pollution caused by viruses, bacteria and other micro-organisms, and long-lasting toxic pollutants like fertilizer or petrol,...
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Bạn nào giỏi tiếng anh dịch giúp mik với

 

23 Million at Risk of Disease From Dirty Water

 

More than 300 million people in Asia, Africa and Latin America are at risk of life-threatening diseases like cholera and typhoid because of the increasing pollution of water in rivers and lakes, the U.N. Environment Program said Tuesday.

  

Between 1990 and 2010, pollution caused by viruses, bacteria and other micro-organisms, and long-lasting toxic pollutants like fertilizer or petrol, increased in more than half of rivers across the three continents, while salinity levels rose in nearly a third, UNEP said in a report.

  

Population growth, expansion of agriculture and an increased amount of raw sewage released into rivers and lakes were among the main reasons behind the increase of surface water pollution, putting 323 million people at risk of infection, UNEP said.

  

"The water quality problem at a global scale and the number of people affected by bad water quality are much more severe than we expected," Dietrich Borchardt, lead author of the report, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

  

However, a significant number of rivers remain in good condition and need to be protected, he said by phone from Germany.

  

About a quarter of rivers in Latin America, 10 percent to 25 percent in Africa and up to 50 percent in Asia were affected by severe pathogen pollution, largely caused by discharging untreated wastewater into rivers and lakes, the report said.

1
8 tháng 10 2016

                                   Bản dịch 

23 triệu vào rủi ro của bệnh từ nước bẩn

 
Hơn 300 triệu người ở châu Á, châu Phi và Mỹ Latinh có nguy cơ bị các bệnh đe dọa tính mạng như dịch tả và thương hàn do sự ô nhiễm ngày càng tăng của nước ở các sông, hồ, Chương trình Môi trường Liên Hiệp Quốc cho biết.

 
 
Giữa năm 1990 và 2010, ô nhiễm do virus, vi khuẩn và các vi sinh vật khác, và lâu dài các chất ô nhiễm độc hại như phân bón hoặc xăng, tăng hơn một nửa trong số các con sông trên ba châu lục, trong khi độ mặn tăng trong gần một phần ba, UNEP cho biết trong một báo cáo.

 
 
tăng trưởng dân số, mở rộng nông nghiệp và gia tăng lượng nước thải thô thải vào sông, hồ là một trong những lý do chính đằng sau sự gia tăng ô nhiễm nước mặt, đưa 323 triệu người có nguy cơ nhiễm trùng, UNEP cho biết.

 
 
"Vấn đề chất lượng nước ở quy mô toàn cầu và số lượng người bị ảnh hưởng bởi chất lượng nước xấu là nặng nề hơn nhiều so với chúng tôi dự kiến," Dietrich Borchardt, tác giả chính của báo cáo, nói với Thomson Reuters Foundation.

 
 
Tuy nhiên, một số lượng đáng kể của dòng sông vẫn còn trong tình trạng tốt và cần được bảo vệ, ông nói qua điện thoại từ Đức.

 
 
Khoảng một phần tư con sông ở châu Mỹ Latinh, 10 phần trăm đến 25 phần trăm ở Châu Phi và lên đến 50 phần trăm ở Châu Á đã bị ảnh hưởng bởi ô nhiễm mầm bệnh nặng, phần lớn là do xả nước thải chưa qua xử lý vào sông hồ, báo cáo cho biết.

I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with a suitable word. About two hundred years ago, man lived ....................... (1) greater harmony with his environment ....................... (2) industry was not much developed. Today the situation is quite ....................... (3). People all over the world are worried about what is happening to the ....................... (4), because of modern industry and the need for more and more energy. Newspapers and magazines...
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I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with a suitable word.

About two hundred years ago, man lived ....................... (1) greater harmony with his environment ....................... (2) industry was not much developed. Today the situation is quite ....................... (3). People all over the world are worried about what is happening to the ....................... (4), because of modern industry and the need for more and more energy. Newspapers and magazines ....................... (5) about water pollution, air pollution, and land pollution.

Why is there so much discussion about ....................... (6)? After all, people have been polluting the world ....................... (7) them for thousands and thousands of years. But in the ....................... (8), there were not ....................... (9) people and there was lots of room in the world so people could move to another place ....................... (10) their settlements became dirty.

Now, however, many parts of the world are ....................... (11). People live in big cities and much of our waste, especially ....................... (12) from factories, electric power stations, the chemical industry and heavy industry ....................... (13) very dangerous. Fish die in the lakes, rivers, and seas; forest trees die too. Much of this ....................... (14) waste goes into the air and is carried by the ....................... (15) for great distances.

1
22 tháng 6 2020

I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with a suitable word.

About two hundred years ago, man lived in (1) greater harmony with his environment because/ since/ as (2) industry was not much developed. Today the situation is quite different (3). People all over the world are worried about what is happening to the environment (4), because of modern industry and the need for more and more energy. Newspapers and magazines write (5) about water pollution, air pollution, and land pollution.

Why is there so much discussion about pollution (6)? After all, people have been polluting the world around (7) them for thousands and thousands of years. But in the past (8), there were not many (9) people and there was lots of room in the world so people could move to another place when (10) their settlements became dirty.

Now, however, many parts of the world are crowded (11). People live in big cities and much of our waste, especially waste (12) from factories, electric power stations, the chemical industry and heavy industry is (13) very dangerous. Fish die in the lakes, rivers, and seas; forest trees die too. Much of this dangerous (14) waste goes into the air and is carried by the wind (15) for great distances.

1. The chemical ____ from cars and factories make the air, water and soil dangerously dirty. A. pollution B. polluted C. pollutants D. pollute 2. ____ heat comes from deep inside the earth. A. Geothermal B. Solar C. Nuclear D. Hydro 3. Most people buy their houses with a loan which they then pay back ____ 25 years. A. over B. during C. with D. when 4. He is very good at ____________ people singing with his guitar. A. making B. getting C. accompanying D. having 5. “Shall we go out tonight?” -...
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1. The chemical ____ from cars and factories make the air, water and soil dangerously dirty. A. pollution B. polluted C. pollutants D. pollute 2. ____ heat comes from deep inside the earth. A. Geothermal B. Solar C. Nuclear D. Hydro 3. Most people buy their houses with a loan which they then pay back ____ 25 years. A. over B. during C. with D. when 4. He is very good at ____________ people singing with his guitar. A. making B. getting C. accompanying D. having 5. “Shall we go out tonight?” - “_____________.” A. Yes, I can B. Yes, we are C. Yes, we go D. Yes, let’s 6. All three TV channels provide extensive ____ of sporting events. A. broadcast B. network C. coverage D. vision 7. Your grandfather is rather tired so do not _____ your visit. Let him have a rest. A. prolong B. lengthen C. delay D. shorten 8. It was only _____ he told me his surname that I realized that we had been to the same school. A. then B. until C. as soon as D. when 9. He got an excellent grade in his examination _____ the fact that he had not worked particularly hard. A. on account of B. because of C. in spite of D. although 10. My father is an ____________ guitarist. A. accomplishing B. accomplished C. accomplish D. accomplishment

1
22 tháng 12 2020

1. The chemical ____ from cars and factories make the air, water and soil dangerously dirty.

A. pollution B. polluted C. pollutants D. pollute

2. ____ heat comes from deep inside the earth.

A. Geothermal B. Solar C. Nuclear D. Hydro

3. Most people buy their houses with a loan which they then pay back ____ 25 years.

A. over B. during C. with D. when

4. He is very good at ____________ people singing with his guitar. A. making B. getting C. accompanying D. having

5. “Shall we go out tonight?” - “_____________.” A. Yes, I can B. Yes, we are C. Yes, we go D. Yes, let’s

6. All three TV channels provide extensive ____ of sporting events. A. broadcast B. network C. coverage D. vision

7. Your grandfather is rather tired so do not _____ your visit. Let him have a rest. A. prolong B. lengthen C. delay D. shorten

8. It was only _____ he told me his surname that I realized that we had been to the same school. A. then B. until C. as soon as D. when

9. He got an excellent grade in his examination _____ the fact that he had not worked particularly hard. A. on account of B. because of C. in spite of D. although

10. My father is an ____________ guitarist. A. accomplishing B. accomplished C. accomplish D. accomplishment

21 tháng 2 2018

Conservation is the safeguarding and preservation(1)........of.......natural resources, so that they can continue to e used and enjoyed. In the past, most people believed that the world's resources could never(2)....be.............used up. Today, we know that is not true. An important part of conservation is the prevention of waste - waste of forest, soil, wild - life, minerals(3)......and......human lives. As important is the fight against pollution of our(4)...environment......., in particular, the dirtying and poisoning of air and water. Conservation is(5)..also.......concerned with the reclaiming of land by irrigating deserts, draining swamps or pushing back the sea.

Help me PAPER RECYCLING A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world...
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Help me

PAPER RECYCLING

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Process of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A .......................

2. Paragraph B .......................

3. Paragraph C .......................

4. Paragraph D .......................

5. Paragraph E .......................

1
20 tháng 10 2018

Help me

PAPER RECYCLING

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Process of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A ...........iii. Collection of paper for recycling............

2. Paragraph B ..........vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper.............

3. Paragraph C ...........iv. Sources of paper for recycling............

4. Paragraph D ............i. Process of paper recycling...........

5. Paragraph E ...........v. Bad sides of paper recycling............

Giúp mình đc ko mng PAPER RECYCLING A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and...
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Giúp mình đc ko mng PAPER RECYCLING

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Preocess of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A .......................

2. Paragraph B .......................

3. Paragraph C .......................

4. Paragraph D .......................

5. Paragraph E .......................

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