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Lời giải:
$n=1$ thì $S=0$ nguyên nhé bạn. Phải là $n>1$
\(S=1-\frac{1}{1^2}+1-\frac{1}{2^2}+1-\frac{1}{3^2}+...+1-\frac{1}{n^2}\)
\(=n-\underbrace{\left(1+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{n^2}\right)}_{M}\)
Để cm $S$ không nguyên ta cần chứng minh $M$ không nguyên. Thật vậy
\(M> 1+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{n(n+1)}=1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+....+\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\)
\(M>1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{n+1}>1\) với mọi $n>1$
Mặt khác:
\(M< 1+\frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{(n-1)n}=1+\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+....+\frac{1}{n-1}-\frac{1}{n}\)
\(M< 1+1-\frac{1}{n}< 2\)
Vậy $1< M< 2$ nên $M$ không nguyên. Kéo theo $S$ không nguyên.
Ta có : \(A=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+...+\frac{2018}{3^{2018}}\)(1)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{3}A=\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{2}{3^3}+\frac{3}{3^4}+...+\frac{2018}{3^{2019}}\)(2)
Lấy (1) trừ (2) theo vế ta có :
\(A-\frac{1}{3}A=\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+...+\frac{2018}{3^{2018}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{2}{3^3}+\frac{3}{3^4}+...+\frac{2018}{3^{2019}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{2}{3}A=\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2018}}\right)-\frac{2018}{3^{2019}}\)
Đặt B = \(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2018}}\)
=> 3B = \(1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2017}}\)
Lấy 3B trừ B theo vế ta có :
\(3B-B=\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2017}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2018}}\right)\)
=> 2B = \(1-\frac{1}{3^{2018}}\)
=> \(B=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3^{2018}.2}\)
Khi đó : \(\frac{2}{3}A=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3^{2018}.2}-\frac{2018}{3^{2019}}\)
\(A=\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3^{2018}.2}-\frac{2018}{3^{2019}}\right):\frac{2}{3}=\frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{3^{2017}.4}-\frac{1009}{3^{2018}}=\frac{3}{4}-\left(\frac{1}{3^{2017}.\left(3+1\right)}+\frac{1009}{3^{2018}}\right)\)
\(=\frac{3}{4}-\left(\frac{1}{3^{2018}}+\frac{1}{3^{2017}}-\frac{1009}{3^{2018}}\right)=\frac{3}{4}-\left(\frac{1}{3^{2017}}-\frac{336}{3^{2017}}\right)=\frac{3}{4}+\frac{335}{3^{2017}}\)
Vì A > 0 (1)
Mặt khác\(\frac{335}{3^{2017}}< \frac{335}{1340}< \frac{1}{4}\)
=> \(\frac{335}{3^{2017}}< \frac{1}{4}\Rightarrow\frac{3}{4}+\frac{335}{3^{2017}}< \frac{1}{4}+\frac{3}{4}\Rightarrow A< 1\)(2)
Từ (1) và (2) => 0 < A < 1
=> A không phải là số nguyên
A=\(\frac{2018}{2017^2+1}+\frac{2018}{2017^2+2}+..........+\frac{2018}{2017^2+2017}\)
>\(\frac{2018}{2017^2+2017}+\frac{2018}{2017^2+2017}+........+\frac{2018}{2017^2+2017}\)
\(=\frac{2018}{2017^2+2017}.2017=\frac{2018.2017}{2017\left(2017+1\right)}=1\) (1)
Lại có:A<\(\frac{2018}{2017^2+1}+\frac{2018}{2017^2+1}+.........+\frac{2018}{2017^2+1}\)
\(=\frac{2018}{2017^2+1}.2017=\frac{2018.2017}{2017^2+1}=\frac{2017.\left(2017+1\right)}{2017^2+1}\)
\(=\frac{2017^2+2017}{2017^2+1}=\frac{2017^2+1+2016}{2017^2+1}=1+\frac{2016}{2017^2+1}< 2\) (2)
Từ (1) và (2) suy ra:1 < A < 2
Vậy A không phải là số nguyên
Đặt \(A=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^3}+...+\frac{1}{2^{2018}}\)
\(2A=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+...+\frac{1}{2^{2017}}\)
\(2A-A=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+...+\frac{1}{2^{2017}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+...+\frac{1}{2^{2018}}\right)\)
\(A=1-\frac{1}{2^{2018}}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow A< 1\left(đpcm\right)\)
hok tốt .
