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Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
1. I haven't heard from Maria _____.
A. since many months before B. for many months
C. for many months ago D. since a long time
2. This book is so long that I _____.
A. haven't finished it yet B. haven't finished it already
C. still have finished it D. still haven't finished it already
3. Spain _____ at one time a very powerful country.
A. was B. has been C. is D. was being
4. The longest fish in the contest _____ by Thelma Rivers.
A. was catching B. caught C. was caught D. catch
5. "Are we about to have dinner?" - "Yes, it _____ in the dining room."
A. is serve B. have been served C. is being served D. served
6. New opportunities will emerge as the _____ climate improves.
A. economics B. economic C. economical D. economy
7. Mom always _____ us to discuss our problems.
A. encourage B. encouragement C. encouraging D. encouraged
8. He's a choreographer who has drawn _____ from Javanese dance.
A. inspired B. inspires C. inspiration D. inspiring
9. The dragon _____ the enemies of the Church.
A. symbolizes B. symbols C. symbolic D. symbolism
10. The problem is not _____ to British students.
A. unique B. uniqueness C. uniquely D. unitary
11. It's a _____ Italian restaurant.
A. fashion B. fashionable C. fashions D. fashionably
12. She presented her ideas clearly and _____.
A. logically B. logic C. logical D. logics
13. Nguyen Du is a famous Vietnamese _______________ .
A. poem B. poetry C. poetic D. poet
14. These clothes need ___________immediately .
A. washed B. be washed C. to wash D. washing
15. Malaysia enjoys the tropical ____________ .
A. weather B. climate C. season D. country
16. They will keep __________touch .
A. in B . on C. from D. with 17.
I wish I ____________ a famous writer .
A. am B . was C. were D. have been
18. The ao dai is the traditional __________of Vietnamese women .
A. dress B. skirt C. blouse D. poem
19. The ao dai used for men were different ________those for women.
A. for B. from C. with D. to
20. Today , the ao dai looks modern and very ____________ .
A. unfashionable B. fashionable C. fashionably D. fashion
21. Fashion ___________want to change the traditional ao dai .
A . designate B. designer C. designers D. design
22. Poets have taken _____________from the natural beauty.
A. inspirational B. inspiration C. inspire D. inspiring
23. The pigeon is the ____________of peace.
A. symbolize B. symbolically C. symbol D. symbolic
24. Lan wants to have a trip abroad but it all ________on her parents.
A. dependence B. depend C. dependable D. dependent
25. Lan likes fashion. She always wears ___________clothes
A. fashionable B. new C. tend D. modal
26. The Ao dai is the _________dress of Vietnamese women.
A. workable B. fashionable C. traditional D. casual
27. For a long time the Ao dai has been the __________of songs, poems and novels
. A. words B. things C. object D. subject
28. Some designers have modernized the Ao dai by printing ___________on it.
A. lines of poetry B. words of poets C. pictures of poems D. poetry photos
29. Vietnamese women today often prefer to wear modern clothing at work because it is more________
A. careful B. easy C. expensive D. convenient
30. In the 1960 a lot of university and college wore jeans
A. pupils B. workers C. students D. goers
31. Designers made different______________ of jeans to match the 1960s fashions.
A. form B. appearance C. moduls D. styles
32. I saw Mary at the party last night She____________ a beautiful pink dress.
A. worn B. was wearing C. had worn D. was worn
33. It seems very difficult .,...to have a trip abroad.
A. that I B. to me C. for me D. for I
35. My brothers are .....very wearing jeans.
A. like B. love C. enjoy D. fond of
36. Asian people eat rice. Rice _______in many parts Asia.
A. is grown B. are grown C. has grown D. have grown
37. Nowadays a lot of dangerous work _______ by robots.
A. has been done B. have been done C. is done D. was done
38. Who wrote the story “ Romeo and Juliet ”? - It ______by Shakespeare an English writer.
A. is written B. was written C. have been written D. wrote
39. The package containing books and records _______ last week.
A. is delivered B.are delivered C. was delivered D. were delivered
40. I__________the letter from him yet
. A. don’t receive B. didn’t receive C. haven’t received D. won’t receive
41. My father _______ for the national bank from 1990 to 2003
A. works B .working C. has worked D. worked
42. I never go to any foreign country. I _______ abroad yet.
A. don’t go B. didn’t go C. have gone D. haven’t gone
43. When ____? In 1876.
A. the telephone was invented B. was the telephone invented C. did the telephone invented D .did the telephone invent
44. _________ uncle Ho`s Mosoleum?
A. Have you ever been B. Are you ever visited C. Have you ever visited D. Did you ever visited
45. The music at the party was very loud and could_______from far away.
A. been heard B. hear C. be heard D. have heard
46. When I _______ in New York last year. I ______ lost of interesting places.
A. am / visited B. was / visiting C. am / visiting D. was / visited
47.Most people now_______automatic washing machines for cleaning their clothes.
A. has B. had C. have D. have had
48. Levi Strauss _______jeans for workmen.
A. has invented B. invented C. invents D. inventing
49. These shoes are made _______ good leather. They are very strong.
A. from B. by C .of D. with
50. They have changed the date of the meeting. The date of the meeting ______.
A. was changed B. is changed C. has been changed D. changes
IV: Choose the underlined words or phrases that are not correct in standard written English.
1. They asked me what did happen=>had happened last night, but I was unable to tell them.
2. Air pollution, together with littering, are=<is causing many problems in our large, industrial cities today.
4. Nora hardly never=>hardly misses an opportunity to play in the tennis tournaments.
5. Many people believe that New York is the most great=>greatest city in America.
6. Each year people around the world spending=>spend billions of dollars buying goods on the Internet
7. Children enjoy telling and listening to ghosts stories=>ghost story, especially on Halloween night.
8. One of the most urgent problem=>problems facing us now is the need to control population growth.
9. I'd lost my front door key and I had to smash a window by=>on a brick to get in.
10. Despite of=>Although the heavy snow, she went out.
V. Read the passage carefully. Then decide whether each of the statements below is TRUE (T), or FALSE (F).
indonesia is an island nation in Southeast Asia. Its official name is the Republic of Indonesia. It is a member country of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The country's total area is 1,904,443 sq km. Like Vietnam and other countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia enjoys tropical climate. The rupiah is the official monetary unit of Indonesia, consisting of 100 sens. The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta and it is also the largest city in the country. Other big cities are Bandung, Surabaya, Medan, Palembang... The population in 2004 was about 238,500,000. Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country after China, India, and the United States. Islam, which is over eighty per cent of the population practice, is the country's official religion. In addition, there are other religions such as Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism... The national language is Bahasa Indonesia, which is a modified form of Malay. Besides, about 300 other languages and dialects are spoken. English is increasingly used as the language of business.
1.Indonesia is located in Southeast Asia. __T___
2.All the countries in Southeast Asia enjoy tropical climate. __T___
3.Islam is the only official religion in Indonesia. _F____
4.There are more people in Indonesia than in the USA. ___F__
5.Indonesia is one of the countries of ASEAN. __T___
6.The Indonesian unit of currency is sen. ___F__
7.Islam is the most common religion in Indonesia. _T____
8.Bahasa Indonesia is the only language spoken in Indonesia. __F__
VII. Give the correct word formation
1. We have been __friends___ since we were children. I hope our ___friendship___ will last forever. (friend)
2. The baby is sleeping _____peacefully_________. (peace)
3. She sang the song _____beautifully_________. (beauty)
4. Her new album is very _______impressive_______. (impress)
5. What is the _difference___ between living in the city and living in the countryside? (differ)
6. She always does things _carelessly___. Things seem go wrong when she touches them. (care)
7. I enjoy a _______peaceful_______ life in Vietnam. (peace)
8.____Traditionally___, we visit our relatives and friends on New Year’s Day. (Tradition)
9. They have had a plan to replace the unfashionable vehicles. They hope all means of transportation will be ____modernized___________ soon. (modern)
10.She has the ___inspiration_____ to create new designs for the ao dai. (inspire)
VIII: Rewrite sentences, using the provided word keep meaning as that of the root one
1. She knows a lot more about it than I do.
=> I don't know .........more about it than she does....................................
2. Let's go abroad for our holiday this year.
=> Why ..............don't we go abroad for our holiday this year.?.............
3. During dinner, the phone rang.
=>While I ............was having, the phone rang. ...........................
4. It takes six hours to drive from London to Edinburgh.
=> It is a . .........six -hour drive from London to Edinburgh..................
5. Is this car yours ?
=> Do you .............belong to this car............................................. ?
6. He could not afford to buy the car.
=>The car ..............was too expensive to buy the car................
7. Your hair needs cutting.
=> It's time you ......cut your hair...............................................
8. If you run a lot, you'll become healthy.
=>The ..................more you run,the healthy you'll become......................
9. Nam will be eighteen next week.
=> It is Nam's ............eighteenth birthday next week.........
10. He never had enough money.
=> He's always ............lacking of money............
Read the passage then answer the following questions:
"I will think of it."It is easy to say this; but do you know what great things have come from thinking? We can not see our thouhts, or hear, or taste, or feel them;and yet what mighty power they have! Sir Isac Newton was seated in his garden on a summer's evning, when he saw an appe fall from a tree. He began to think, and, in trying to find out why the apple fell, discoveed how the earth, sun, moon, and stars are kept in their places. A boy named James Watt sat quitly by the firside, watching the lid of the tea kette as it moved up and down. He began to think; he wanted to find out why the steam in the kettle moved the heavy lid. From that time he went on thinking and thinking; and when he became a man, he improved the steam engine so much that it could, with the greatest ease, do the work of many horses. When you see a steamboat, a steam mill, or alocomotive, remember that it would never have been built if it had not been for the hard thinking of someone. A man named Galileo was once standing in the cathedral of Pisa, when he saw a chandelier swaying to and fro. This set him thinking, and it led to the invention of thependulum. James Ferguson was a poor Scotch shepherd boy. Once, seeing the inside of a watch, he was filled with wonder. "Why should I not make a watch?" thought he. But how was he to get the materials out of which to make the wheels and the mainspring? He soon found how to get them: he made the mainspring out of a piece of whalebone. He then made a wooden clock which kept good time. He began, also, to copy pictures with a pen, and portraits with oil colors. In a few years, while still a small boy, he earned money enough to support his father. When he became a man, he went to London to live. Some of the wisest men in England, and the king himself, used to attend his lectures. His motto was, "I will think of it;" and he made his thoughts useful to himself and the world.When you have a difficult lesson to learn, don't feel discouraged, and ask someone to help you before helping yourselves.Think, and by thinking you will learn how to think to some purpose.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A/Great geniuses didn't have to think.
B/We should always think.
C/Isaac Newton was a thinker.
D/Galileo was a thinker.
2. What caused Galileo to invent the pendulum?
A/Seeing a cathedral.
B/Thinking about apples.
C/Seeing a chandelier swing and thinking.
D/Thinking about gravity.
3. Why did the king attend James Ferguson's lectures?
A/Because Ferguson taught about pendulums.
B/Because Ferguson was a brilliant thinker.
C/Because the king was jealous of Ferguson's intelligence.
D/Because Ferguson was an entertaining speaker.
4.How is Galileo similar to Isaac Newton?
AThey were born at the same time.
BThey have nothing in common.
CThey are both great thinkers.
DThey both discovered gravity.
5.Why did James Ferguson decide to make a watch?
A/Because he was curious after seeing the inside of a watch.
B/Because the king asked him to.
C/Because he needed to support his sick father and mother.
D/Because he was poor and needed the money.
Read the passage then answer the following questions:
"I will think of it."It is easy to say this; but do you know what great things have come from thinking? We can not see our thouhts, or hear, or taste, or feel them;and yet what mighty power they have! Sir Isac Newton was seated in his garden on a summer's evning, when he saw an appe fall from a tree. He began to think, and, in trying to find out why the apple fell, discoveed how the earth, sun, moon, and stars are kept in their places. A boy named James Watt sat quitly by the firside, watching the lid of the tea kette as it moved up and down. He began to think; he wanted to find out why the steam in the kettle moved the heavy lid. From that time he went on thinking and thinking; and when he became a man, he improved the steam engine so much that it could, with the greatest ease, do the work of many horses. When you see a steamboat, a steam mill, or alocomotive, remember that it would never have been built if it had not been for the hard thinking of someone. A man named Galileo was once standing in the cathedral of Pisa, when he saw a chandelier swaying to and fro. This set him thinking, and it led to the invention of thependulum. James Ferguson was a poor Scotch shepherd boy. Once, seeing the inside of a watch, he was filled with wonder. "Why should I not make a watch?" thought he. But how was he to get the materials out of which to make the wheels and the mainspring? He soon found how to get them: he made the mainspring out of a piece of whalebone. He then made a wooden clock which kept good time. He began, also, to copy pictures with a pen, and portraits with oil colors. In a few years, while still a small boy, he earned money enough to support his father. When he became a man, he went to London to live. Some of the wisest men in England, and the king himself, used to attend his lectures. His motto was, "I will think of it;" and he made his thoughts useful to himself and the world.When you have a difficult lesson to learn, don't feel discouraged, and ask someone to help you before helping yourselves.Think, and by thinking you will learn how to think to some purpose.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A/Great geniuses didn't have to think.
B/We should always think.
C/Isaac Newton was a thinker.
D/Galileo was a thinker.
2. What caused Galileo to invent the pendulum?
A/Seeing a cathedral.
B/Thinking about apples.
C/Seeing a chandelier swing and thinking.
D/Thinking about gravity.
3. Why did the king attend James Ferguson's lectures?
A/Because Ferguson taught about pendulums.
B/Because Ferguson was a brilliant thinker.
C/Because the king was jealous of Ferguson's intelligence.
D/Because Ferguson was an entertaining speaker.
4.How is Galileo similar to Isaac Newton?
A/ They were born at the same time.
B/ They have nothing in common.
C/ They are both great thinkers.
D/ They both discovered gravity.
5.Why did James Ferguson decide to make a watch?
A/Because he was curious after seeing the inside of a watch.
B/Because the king asked him to.
C/Because he needed to support his sick father and mother.
D/Because he was poor and needed the money.
Read the following passage and choose the most appropriate answer from A,B,C or D to answer questions.
Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, is really more sophisticated than that of a computer. Researchers approaching the problem from a variety of points of view have all concluded that there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed. Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of specific events in his subjects’ lives. Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten for many years suddenly emerged in detail.
Although the physical basis for memory is not yet understood, one theory is that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result of an almost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cells, stimulated by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the same information support recall. Or, to say that another way, improved performance is the result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.
1. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?
A. Wilder Penfield B. Neurosurgery
C. Human memory D. Chemical reactions
2. According to the passage, researchers have concluded that
A. the mind has a much greater capacity for memory than was previously believed.
B. the physical basis for memory is clear.
C. different points of view are valuable.
D. human memory is inefficient.
3. How did Penfield elicit dreams and other minor events from the past?
A. By surgery B. By electric stimulation C. By repetition D. By chemical stimulation
4. According to the passage, the capacity for storage in the brain
A. can be understood by examining the physiology.
B. is stimulated by patterns of activity.
C. has a limited combination of relationships.
D. is not influenced by repetition.
5. The word “bonds” in the last line means
A. promises. B. agreements. C. connections. D. responsibilities
1 A
2 B
3 A
a b a