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NGÀY TƯỞNG NIỆM NGÀY NAY, 11 tháng 11, là ngày mà người dân Anh nhớ đến những người lính đã chết trong Thế chiến thứ nhất (1914 - 1918), Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai (1939 - 1945) và tất cả các cuộc chiến khác kể từ đó. Ngày Poppy đầu tiên là vào năm 1921. Chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất đã kết thúc ba năm trước đó, nhưng vẫn rất khó khăn, thậm chí là không thể đối với các cựu binh ở Anh để tìm việc làm. Vì vậy, một số trong số họ bắt đầu làm và bán anh túc giấy đỏ. Họ đã đưa số tiền mà họ quyên góp cho những cựu binh bị tàn tật hoặc thất nghiệp, và cho gia đình của những người lính đã chết. Sự lựa chọn của hoa là rất quan trọng. Trong chiến tranh, những người lính đã nhận thấy cây anh túc mọc hàng năm trên các chiến trường ở Bỉ và phía bắc nước Pháp. Một bài thơ nổi tiếng từ thời đó, được viết bởi một người lính Canada, bắt đầu bằng những dòng: Trong cánh đồng Flanders * anh túc thổi Giữa các thập giá, hàng trên hàng, Điều đó đánh dấu vị trí của chúng tôi *; Giáo dục Trong những ngày trước Ngày Poppy, khoảng 32 triệu người ở Anh mua và mặc những cây anh túc nhỏ. Một số người chọn mặc anh túc trắng vì họ nghĩ rằng màu trắng tượng trưng cho hòa bình. Sau đó, vào lúc 11 giờ sáng ngày 11 tháng 11 (tại thời điểm Thế chiến thứ nhất kết thúc), có một khoảng lặng hai phút. Nhiều người dừng lại và suy nghĩ lặng lẽ về những người lính đã chết. Có những nghi lễ tại đài tưởng niệm chiến tranh ở các thị trấn và làng mạc trên cả nước. Buổi lễ quan trọng nhất là ở London, khi Nữ hoàng và Thủ tướng đặt vòng hoa anh túc tại Cenotaph, một tượng đài cho những người lính đã chết trong trận chiến. * (Flanders = phía bắc của Bỉ; vị trí của chúng tôi = ngôi mộ của chúng tôi)
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions below.
FAMILY LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES
Family life in the United States is changing. Fifty or sixty years ago, the wife was called a
“housewife”. She cleaned, cooked, and cared for the children. The husband earned the mo ney for the family.
He was usually out working all day. He came home tired in the evening, so he did not do much housework. And he did not see the children very much, except on weekends.
These days, however, more and more women work outside the home. They cannot stay with the children all day. They, too, come home tired in the evening. They do not want to spend the evening cooking dinner and cleaning up. They do not have time to clean the house and do the laundry. So who is going to do the housework now? Who is going to take care of the children?
Many families solve the problem of housework by sharing it. In these families, the husband and wife
agree to do different jobs around the house, or they take turns doing each job. For example, the husband always cooks dinner and the wife always does the laundry. Or the wife cooks dinner on some nights and the husband cooks dinner on other nights.
Then there is the question of the children. In the past, many families got help with child care from
grandparents. Now families usually do not live near their relatives. The grandparents are often too far away to help in a regular way. More often, parents have to pay for child care help. The help may be a babysitter or a day-care center. The problem with t his kind of help is the high cost. It is possible only for couples with jobs that pay well.
Parents may get another kind of help form the companies they work for. Many companies now let
people with children work part-time. That way, parents can spend mo re time with their children.
Some husbands may even stop working for a while to stay with the children. For these men there is a new word: they are called “househusbands”. In the USA more and more men are becoming househusbands every year.
These changes in the home mean changes in the family. Fathers can learn to understand their
children better, and the children can get to know their fathers better. Husbands and wives may also find changes in their marriage. They, too, may have a better understanding of each other.
Sixty years ago, most women ____________
- A. went out to work
- B. had no children
- C. did not do much housework
D. were housewives
Sixty years ago, most women were housewives.
*Ryeo*
30. They ………. haven't replied to the letter we sent two months ago
A. still B. yet C. already D. ever
31. His face looks …………., but I can’t remember his name.
A. similar B. alike C. memorial D. familiar
32. The fire officer is coming to …………the building tomorrow.
A. look B. inspect C. witness D. watch
33. The boys hurt ……….. when they injured down from the tree.
A. one another B. each other C. himself D. themselves
34. I’m sure they were …………lies
A. making B. telling C. doing D. saying
35. She’d rather die than ………..Peter.
A. she married B. to marry C. marrying D. marry
36. Eric is going to be very lonely living by himself in that remote area.
A. Eric will live by himself in that distant place and he will feel very lonely.
B. Eric enjoys being on his own, so living in that remote place won’t bother him much.
C. That area is very far from the city, so Eric will be alone most of the time.
D. Remote areas are often lonely to live in, but Eric enjoys the solitude.
37. You could hardly have decided on a less secure career than that of a novelist.
A. There are some careers that are not as secure as that of a novelist.
B. If it is security that you are after, you should try being a novelist.
C. In deciding to be a novelist, you have probably chosen the least secure career possible.
D. There are probably better ways of securing your future than becoming a novelist.
38. Only Mike has the expertise to carry out this project.
A. This project can only be carried out by someone with the same knowledge and skills that Mike has.
B. There is only one person with the skill required for this project, and that is Mike.
C. Mike should be the one to do the project because he knows so much.
D. Mike has to be consulted about this project because he knows more than anyone else.
39. If I had known you needed a hand painting your house, I would have helped you.
A. I didn’t help you to paint your house because I had no idea that you were doing it.
B. I am planning to help you to paint your house whenever you are ready.
C. Let me know when you are going to paint your house, and I will lend a hand.
D. You didn’t tell me you needed help painting your house; otherwise, I’d have assisted you.
40. Ellen would trust her mother, but not her sister, with anything.
A. Although Ellen finds her mother completely trustworthy, she does not feel the same about her sister.
B. Ellen felt she could trust neither her mother nor her sister with anything.
C. There was nothing that Ellen would not trust her mother, as well as her sister, with.
D. Neither Ellen nor her sister feel that they can trust their mother with everything.
41. Having prepared for the worst, they were pleasantly surprised to find themselves by
passed by the hurricane.
A. Even if the hurricane had hit them, they wouldn’t have been affected much.
B. It was such a relief when the hurricane did not strike them, though they had prepared for the worst.
C. Had they not made such extensive preparations, they would have suffered even worse damage.
D. While they had made preparations for the hurricane, it was still a relief that they did not suffer much damage.
42. In Nepal, literacy increased by approximately 40 percent from the early 1950s to the end
of the century.
A. 40 percent of the people of Nepal became literate during the latter half of the 20th century.
B. At the end of the 20th century, about 40 percent of the Nepalese were literate, much higher than in the early 1950s.
C. About 40 percent more of the Nepalese population became literate during the second half of the 20th century.
D. From the middle to the end of 20th century, only about 40 percent of Nepalese people could read and write.
43. Though once quite fatal, the threat of pneumonia has been greatly reduced as a result of
antibiotic treatment.
A. A threatening disease which used to be fatal in the past, pneumonia has now been eliminated by antibiotic treatment.
B. Pneumonia was a rather deadly disease in the past, but antibiotic treatment has lessened its dangers very much.
C. Despite its dangers being significantly reduced thanks to antibiotics, pneumonia can still be rather deadly.
D. In order to lessen its deadliness, the threatening disease pneumonia must be treated with antibiotics.
44. The eradication of snakes by humans has resulted in an abrupt rise in rodent populations
in certain areas.
A. The number of rodents living in a certain place is directly connected to how many snakes humans are killing.
B. The rate of elimination by humans not only of snakes but also of rodents has gone up significantly in some areas.
C. Had humans not eliminated the snakes in some areas, there would be much smaller populations of rodents living there.
D. By skilling snakes, humans have caused the numbers of rodents in some places to increase drastically.
45. Few novels offer as sharp a commentary on the injustices faced by Blacks as Richard
Wright’s Native Son.
A. Unlike most novels, Native Son was based on wrongs Richard Wright himself, as a Black, had faced.
B. Native Son, by Richard Wright, is one of his many sharply critical novels about the injustices faced by Blacks.
C. Richard Wright’s Native Son comments more cuttingly than most novels on the unfairness Blacks confront.
D. Quite a few novels, such as Richard Wright’s Native Son, comment cuttingly on the unfairness confronted by Blacks
Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
