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16 tháng 4 2018

(1): pick up

(2): even

(3): thickly

(4): little

(5): hold

(6):help

(7): hillsides

16 tháng 4 2018

1. pick up

2. even

3.thickly

4. little

5. hold

6. help

7. hillsides

8. after 

hold;   picks up;   even;   help;   after;   thickly;   little;   hillsides Wind, water, air, ice and heat all work to cause erosion. As the wind blows over the land, it often (1)_______  small grains of sand. When these grains of sand strike against solid rocks, the rocks are slowly worn away. In this way, (2) _______ very hard rocks are worn away by the wind.When particles of rocks or soil became loosened in any way, running water carries them down the (3) _______ Some rocks and soil particles...
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hold;   picks up;   even;   help;   after;   thickly;   little;   hillsides 

Wind, water, air, ice and heat all work to cause erosion. As the wind blows over the land, it often (1)_______  small grains of sand. When these grains of sand strike against solid rocks, the rocks are slowly worn away. In this way, (2) _______ very hard rocks are worn away by the wind.

When particles of rocks or soil became loosened in any way, running water carries them down the (3) _______ Some rocks and soil particles are carried into streams and then into the sea.

Land that is covered with trees, grass and other plants wears away very slowly, and so loses very (4) _______ of its soil. The roots of plants help to (5) _______ the rocks and soil in place. Water that falls on grasslands runs away more slowly than water that falls on bare ground. Thus, forests and grasslands (6) _______  to slow down erosion.

Even where the land is (7) _______  covered with plants, some erosion goes on. In the spring, the melting snow turns into a large quantity of water that then runs downhill in streams. As a stream carries away some of the soil, the stream bed gets deeper and deeper. (8) _______  thousands of years of such erosion, wide valleys are often formed.

giúp mik với nhé !.cảm ơn

 

1
23 tháng 7 2021

Wind, water, air, ice and heat all work to cause erosion. As the wind blows over the land, it often (1)_____picks up__  small grains of sand. When these grains of sand strike against solid rocks, the rocks are slowly worn away. In this way, (2) ___even____ very hard rocks are worn away by the wind.

When particles of rocks or soil became loosened in any way, running water carries them down the (3) ___ hillsides____ Some rocks and soil particles are carried into streams and then into the sea.

Land that is covered with trees, grass and other plants wears away very slowly, and so loses very (4) ___ little____ of its soil. The roots of plants help to (5) ____ hold___ the rocks and soil in place. Water that falls on grasslands runs away more slowly than water that falls on bare ground. Thus, forests and grasslands (6) ___ help____  to slow down erosion.

 

Even where the land is (7) ___ thickly____  covered with plants, some erosion goes on. In the spring, the melting snow turns into a large quantity of water that then runs downhill in streams. As a stream carries away some of the soil, the stream bed gets deeper and deeper. (8) ____ After___  thousands of years of such erosion, wide valleys are often formed.

 

VIII. Read and match sentences A-F with gaps 1-5 in the text. There is one extra sentence.Polar bears live where the ice meets the sea in the Arctic Circle. They are born on land, but they spend mostof their time in the water. (1) ……………………………… However, the polar bear is specially adapted for lifein such a cold place.The most important adaptation is their fur. A polar bear's fur has both long and short hairs, which means thatit is very thick. This thick fur keeps the bear...
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VIII. Read and match sentences A-F with gaps 1-5 in the text. There is one extra sentence.
Polar bears live where the ice meets the sea in the Arctic Circle. They are born on land, but they spend most
of their time in the water. (1) ……………………………… However, the polar bear is specially adapted for life
in such a cold place.
The most important adaptation is their fur. A polar bear's fur has both long and short hairs, which means that
it is very thick. This thick fur keeps the bear warm on the land and stops it getting wet when it is swimming.
(2) ……………………………… This means that the bear appears to be white like the snow and ice around it.
The skin under the fur is black. Because of its colour, the skin absorbs the sun's heat and gives the bear
extra warmth.
Under a polar bear's thick fur and black skin is a layer of fat. This layer can be up to 12 cm thick and it
protects the bears from the cold. (3) ……………………………… Polar bears hunt seals for food and these
are difficult to find in the summer when the ice melts.
The shape of a polar bear’s body is also especially designed for the life in the Arctic. (4)
……………………………… All of their body is covered with fur except for the end of their nose. Their round
shape stops the body from losing heat and it helps the bears tolerate the cold.
Polar bears also have fur on the bottoms of their feet, which are enormous. (5) ………………………………
The fur helps the bears walk in the soft snow and also stops them from falling on the ice. The size of their
feet helps them to swim faster, too.
A. Polar bears have a very large body with a small head and very small ears.
B. The hairs are transparent and so the reflect the light from the sun.
C. Sometimes the bears can get too hot, so they jump into the water to cool off.
D. They look like giant snowshoes and they work in the same way.
E. The temperature in the Arctic can be as low as -45ºC in the winter.
F. The bears can also use it for energy when there isn’t anything to eat.
giúp em với mng oi e cần khá gấp hic hic

0
Use your own idea to complete the following sentences:If we keep hunting animals, ........................................If we cut down all the trees, ........................................Read the text and say these statementa are true or false:Land pollution:If we don'recycle plastic and glass, they stay in the ground for a long time. Dangerous chemicals can also go underground, where they are harmful to plants and animals. Whenever we recycle bottles and cans, we reduce land...
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Use your own idea to complete the following sentences:

If we keep hunting animals, ........................................

If we cut down all the trees, ........................................

Read the text and say these statementa are true or false:

Land pollution:

If we don'recycle plastic and glass, they stay in the ground for a long time. Dangerous chemicals can also go underground, where they are harmful to plants and animals. Whenever we recycle bottles and cans, we reduce land pollution.

Airpollution:

Some power plants and factories put pollution into the air. Cars trucks and planes can also cause air pollution. Whenever we ride a bike or keep the air conditioner low, we reduce air pollution.

Waterpollution:

The same plastics and chemicals that are harmful to our land can also be found in our ocean, rivers and lakes.

Whenever we recycle garbage or shut off the water pollution. 

Write True(T) or False(F):

1.Plastics, glasses and chemicals underground are harmful to plants and animals.

2. Land pollution is cause by dangerous chemicals in the ground.

3. We should recycle plastic and glass to reduce land pollution.

4. Air pollution only cause by cars, trucks and planes.

5. We can reduce air pollution by building more power plants and factories.

6. Water pollution is causes by some plastics and chemicals in the seas, rivers and lakes.

7. We recycle garbage and shut off the water to increase water pollution.

Ai nhanh mik tick cho tick.

0
dien tu con thieu1. Can you help me ............. these dirty lasses?2. What ' s on................. the ciname tonight3. Come ..... with us. We always need more players4. Turn...... the lights before leaving the house5. The train is leaving..... Ha Noi in a few minutesThere's much more water(1)..................... land on the surface of the earth. The seas and oceans cover nearly four- fifths of the (2)........  world , and only one-fifth of its land. If you traveled over the...
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dien tu con thieu

1. Can you help me ............. these dirty lasses?

2. What ' s on................. the ciname tonight

3. Come ..... with us. We always need more players

4. Turn...... the lights before leaving the house

5. The train is leaving..... Ha Noi in a few minutes

There's much more water(1)..................... land on the surface of the earth. The seas and oceans cover nearly four- fifths of the (2)........  world , and only one-fifth of its land. If you traveled over the earth(3)............ different directions , you would have to spend (4)................... more of your time moving on water than(5).................. roads or railways . We sometimes forget that for every mile of land there (6)............... four miles of water

There's so much water in the (7)............ of our earth that we have to use two words(8)...... describe. We use the (9)..................... SEAS to describe those parts of water surface which only few hundreds of (10)........ the word OSEANS  to describe the huge area of water which are thousands of miles wide and very deep

Giup kk ha

1
14 tháng 3 2019

There's much more water(1)..........than........... land on the surface of the earth. The seas and oceans cover nearly four- fifths of the (2)...whole.....  world , and only one-fifth of its land. If you traveled over the earth(3)....in........ different directions , you would have to spend (4)........much........... more of your time moving on water than(5)........on.......... roads or railways . We sometimes forget that for every mile of land there (6)........are....... four miles of water

There's so much water in the (7)......surface ...... of our earth that we have to use two words(8)..to.... describe. We use the (9).............word........ SEAS to describe those parts of water surface which only few hundreds of (10)...miles wide.... the word OSEANS  to describe the huge area of water which are thousands of miles wide and very deep

Cho dạng đúng của  từ trong ngoặc để hoàn thành bức thư sau .Dear Kay,Insabella and I are having  the (1.good)……………….holiday of our life!We are in Cinabliss Resort ,one of the (2 .lovely)………………………….inlands in the Eastern Sea.Although it is much (3.small )……………….than Vinaland,there seems to be (4.much)…………….to do than in Vinaland .Moreover,the people here  seem to be (5.friendly)…………………….than those on other...
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Cho dạng đúng của  từ trong ngoặc để hoàn thành bức thư sau .

Dear Kay,

Insabella and I are having  the (1.good)……………….holiday of our life!We are in Cinabliss Resort ,one of the (2 .lovely)………………………….inlands in the Eastern Sea.Although it is much (3.small )……………….than Vinaland,there seems to be (4.much)…………….to do than in Vinaland .Moreover,the people here  seem to be (5.friendly)…………………….than those on other islands .We are staying in the (6.modern)………………… hotel i have ever seen .it is far(7.comfortable)………………………. than any other hotels and it is even (8.big) …………………….than the world famous Calton hotel.The (9.near)……………………beach is(10.little)…………….. than a hundred meter away,so we can go swim a lot .It’s really good ang I want you to be here with us .

        Love,

        Maltida

Điền các từ sau vào chỗ chấm thích hợp để hoàn thành đoạn văn :from ,means,in,waste ,possible ,wind,should,green.However,who .

     Much of our waste ,especailly waste(1)…………………………..factories,eletric-powered stations ,the chemical industry and heavy industry ,is very dangerous .Fish die (2) …………………………..the lakes,riversand seas;forest tree die,too .Much of this dangerous(3) …………………………..goes into the air and is carried by the(4) …………………………..for great distances .

     The Earthis our home.We (5) …………………………..take care of it,for ourselves,and for our children and grandchildren .This (6) …………………………..we have to keep our environment (7) …………………………..and clean.The importantof this taskis pointed out by ecologists-the scientist(8) …………………………..study the relations between living things and the environment .(9) …………………………..,each of us must do everything (10) …………………………..to keep the land ,air and water clean.

1
16 tháng 4 2019

Dear Kay,

Insabella and I are having  the (1.good)……………….holiday of our life!We are in Cinabliss Resort ,one of the (2 .lovely)………………………….inlands in the Eastern Sea.Although it is much (3.small )……………….than Vinaland,there seems to be (4.much)…………….to do than in Vinaland .Moreover,the people here  seem to be (5.friendly)…………………….than those on other islands .We are staying in the (6.modern)………………… hotel i have ever seen .it is far(7.comfortable)………………………. than any other hotels and it is even (8.big) …………………….than the world famous Calton hotel.The (9.near)……………………beach is(10.little)…………….. than a hundred meter away,so we can go swim a lot .It’s really good ang I want you to be here with us .

        Love,

        Maltida

Điền các từ sau vào chỗ chấm thích hợp để hoàn thành đoạn văn :from ,means,in,waste ,possible ,wind,should,green.However,who .

     Much of our waste ,especailly waste(1)…………………………..factories,eletric-powered stations ,the chemical industry and heavy industry ,is very dangerous .Fish die (2) …………………………..the lakes,riversand seas;forest tree die,too .Much of this dangerous(3) …………………………..goes into the air and is carried by the(4) …………………………..for great distances .

     The Earthis our home.We (5) …………………………..take care of it,for ourselves,and for our children and grandchildren .This (6) …………………………..we have to keep our environment (7) …………………………..and clean.The importantof this taskis pointed out by ecologists-the scientist(8) …………………………..study the relations between living things and the environment .(9) …………………………..,each of us must do everything (10) …………………………..to keep the land ,air and water clean.

HQ
Hà Quang Minh
Giáo viên
24 tháng 11 2023

Because their color is the same as the color around them.

(Vì màu sắc của chúng giống với màu sắc xung quanh chúng.)

HQ
Hà Quang Minh
Giáo viên
24 tháng 11 2023

Tạm dịch văn bản:

ĐỘNG VẬT BIỂN KỲ LẠ

Bạn có biết rằng một số loài động vật được ngụy trang? Nghĩa là màu của chúng giống với các màu xung quanh chúng. Một số động vật ngụy trang ẩn mình trong rong biển, đá và cát. Nhìn vào bức ảnh bên trái. Nó  trông giống như rong biển, nhưng không phải! Đó là rồng biển lá. Nó ẩn mình trong rong biển. Nó cùng màu với rong biển. Giống như rong biển, thân của nó cũng có dạng như một chiếc lá. Nhìn vào bức ảnh dưới đây. Đây là một con cá đá. Nó ẩn mình trên cát, gần đá. Nó trông giống như một tảng đá. Mắt và miệng của nó ở đâu?

12 tháng 3 2017

1.from

2.in

3.waste

4.wind

5.should

6.means

7.green

8.who

9.However

10.possible

marriage share a funeral house ceremonies branch stilt house ethnic minority musical instruments The largest (1)___________ group on the Central Highlands is the Jarai, with a population of about 250,000. It is thought that Jarai people lef the coastal plains around 2000 years ago, settling on the fertile plateau around Pleiku, and in Kon Tum Province. Some ethnologists think that Cham people are in fact a (2)____________ of the Jarai, and they...
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marriage share a funeral house ceremonies
branch stilt house ethnic minority musical instruments
The largest (1)___________ group on the Central Highlands is the Jarai, with a population of about 250,000. It is thought that Jarai people lef the coastal plains around 2000 years ago, settling on the fertile plateau around Pleiku, and in Kon Tum Province. Some ethnologists think that Cham people are in fact a (2)____________ of the Jarai, and they certainly (3)____________ common linguistic traits. Villagers are often named for a nearby river, stream or tribal chief. In the centre of each can be found a large (4)____________, which acts as a kind of community centre where the council of elders and their elected chief meet. Houses are traditionally built on stilt, facing north. Jarai women typically propose (5)___________ to men through a matchmaker, who delivers the prospective groom a cooper bracelet. Perhaps more than any of Vietnam’s other hill tribes, the Jarai are famous for their (6)____________, from stringed “gongs” to bamboo tubes, which act as wind flutes and percussion. Animist beliefs are still strong and the Jarai world is filled with spirits, the most famous of which are the kings of Water, Fire and Wind, represented by shamans who are involved in rain-making (7)__________ and other rituals. Funeral rites are particularly complex and expensive: after the burial, (8)____________ is built over the grave and evocative sculptures of people, birds and objects from everyday life are placed inside. IX. Fill in each blank with a, an, or the to complete the following passage. (1)__________ history of Da Nang Museum of Cham Sculpture started in 1891 when (2)____________ French scientist began to collect Cham sculptures that had been discovered in scattered areas of Quang Nam Province and brought them to Da Nang. (3)___________ first museum building was designed by French architects, and construction began in 1915 and was finished by May 1916. (4)___________ Museum has played (5)_________ important role in preserving sculpture items featuring the cultural, spiritual and ritual lives of the Cham people. They arranged (6)___________ displays in order of (7)__________ areas where (8)___________ objects were found.
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Dịch:Some theories of the purpose of dreamsFreud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We...
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Dịch:

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit like a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, like language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses like hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in particular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this article has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?

Find the new words and translate it

5
1 tháng 2 2018

Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ

Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?

Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.

Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.

Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.

Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.

REM và mơ ước

Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.

Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.

Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.

Nghiên cứu mới

Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.

Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.

Vậy kết luận là gì?

Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.

Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?

1 tháng 2 2018

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?