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Đặt \(f\left(x\right)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(x+1\right)=a\left(x+1\right)^2+b\left(x+1\right)^2+c\left(x+1\right)+d\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(x+1\right)=ax^3+\left(3a+b\right)x^2+\left(3a+2b+c\right)x+a+b+c+d\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)+f\left(x+1\right)=2ax^3+\left(3a+2b\right)x^2+\left(3a+2b+2c\right)x+a+b+c+2d\)
Đồng nhất hệ số ta được:
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2a=4\\3a+2b=14\\3a+2b+2c=16\\a+b+c+2d=17\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=2\\b=4\\c=1\\d=5\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(f\left(x\right)=2x^3+4x^2+x+5\)
\(f\left(x-1\right)=\left(x-1\right)\left(x\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(ax-a+b\right)\)
=> \(f\left(x\right)-f\left(x-1\right)=x\left(x+1\right)\left(2x+1\right)\)mọi x
\(\Leftrightarrow x\left(x+1\right)\left(x+2\right)\left(ax+b\right)-\left(x-1\right)x\left(x+1\right)\left(ax-a+b\right)=x\left(x+1\right)\left(2x+1\right)\)mọi x
\(\Leftrightarrow x\left(x+1\right)\left[\left(x+2\right)\left(ax+b\right)-\left(x-1\right)\left(ax-a+b\right)\right]=x\left(x+1\right)\left(2x+1\right)\)mọi x
\(\Leftrightarrow ax^2+2ax+bx+2b-ax^2+ax-bx+ax-a+b=2x+1\)mọi x
\(\Leftrightarrow4ax+3b-a=2x+1\)
Cân bằng hệ số :
\(\hept{\begin{cases}4a=2\\3b-a=1\end{cases}}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a=\frac{1}{2}\\b=\frac{1}{2}\end{cases}}\)
a) Ta có $$\begin{aligned} f(x)-f(x-1) & =x(x+1)(x+2)(ax+b)-(x-1)x(x+1)(ax+b) \\ & = 4ax^3+3(a+b)x^2+(3b-a)x \end{aligned}$$
Và $x(x+1)(2x+1)=2x^3+3x^2+x$
Vậy $$4ax^3+3(a+b)x^2+(3b-a)x = 2x^3+3x^2+x \iff \begin{cases} 4a=2 \\ 3(a+b)=3 \\ 3b-a=1 \end{cases} \implies a=b= \dfrac{1}{2}$$
b) Ta có
$$\begin{array}{l}1.2.3= f(1)-f(0) \\ 2.3.5=f(2)-f(1) \\ 3.4.7= f(3)-f(2) \\ ... \\ n(n+1)(2n+1)=f(n)-f(n-1) \end{array}$$
$$\implies S=1.2.3+2.3.5+.....+n(n+1)(2n+1)= f(n-1)-f(0)= \boxed{\dfrac{(n-1)n(n+1)^2}{2}}$$
Vì \(f\left(x\right)⋮x-2;f\left(x\right):x^2-1\) dư 1\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}f\left(x\right)=g\left(x\right)\cdot\left(x-2\right)\\f\left(x\right)=q\left(x\right)\left(x^2-1\right)+x=q\left(x\right)\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)+x\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}f\left(2\right)=0\\f\left(1\right)=1\\f\left(-1\right)=-1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}32+4a+2b+c=0\\2+a+b+c=1\\2+a-b+c=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a+2b+c=-32\left(1\right)\\a+b+c=-1\left(2\right)\\a-b+c=-3\left(3\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
Trừ từng vế của (2) cho (3) ta được:
\(\Rightarrow2b=2\Rightarrow b=1\)
Thay b=1 vào lần lượt (1) ,(2),(3) ta được:
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a+2+c=-32\\a+1+c=-1\\a-1+c=-3\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a+c=-34\\a+c=-2\\a+c=-2\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a+c=-34\left(4\right)\\a+c=-2\left(5\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
Trừ từng vế của (4) cho (5) ta được:
\(\Rightarrow3a=-32\Rightarrow a=-\dfrac{32}{3}\Rightarrow c=-2+\dfrac{32}{3}=\dfrac{26}{3}\) Vậy...
Đặt \(g\left(x\right)=f\left(x\right)-x-1\Rightarrow g\left(2\right)=g\left(3\right)=g\left(4\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow g\left(x\right)\) có 3 nghiệm 2;3;4
\(\Rightarrow g\left(x\right)=a\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)\left(x-4\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=g\left(x\right)+x+1=a\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)\left(x-4\right)+x+1\)
\(f\left(5\right)=10\Rightarrow a\left(5-2\right)\left(5-3\right)\left(5-4\right)+5+1=10\)
\(\Rightarrow a=\dfrac{2}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=\dfrac{2}{3}\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)\left(x-4\right)+x+1\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(6\right)=\dfrac{2}{3}.4.3.2+6+1=...\)
\(f\left(x\right)=ax^2+bx+c\)
=> \(f\left(-2\right)=4a-2b+c=-3\)
Có f(x) chia cho x và x + 4 đều dư 5
=> \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}f\left(0\right)=0+c=5\\f\left(-4\right)=16a-4b+c=5\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta có hpt:
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4a-2b+c=-3\\c=5\\16a-4b+c=5\end{matrix}\right.\)
⇔ \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}c=5\\2\left(2a-b\right)=-8\\4\left(4a-b\right)=0\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}c=5\\b=4a\\2a-b=-4\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=2\\b=8\\c=5\end{matrix}\right.\)
Khi đó \(f\left(x\right)=2x^2+8x+5\)
