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14 tháng 3 2017

Throwing parties can be expensive. While some people do not find these fancy parties worth what they cost, others believe parties are important to both individuals and the society.

People choose to throw parties for a number of reasons. For starters, parties can make better teams. Project kick-off parties are good opportunities to break the ice and help team members to know each other better. Victory parties create a sense of success and belonging. Companies do not see parties as wastes of money and allocate budget to support such events. Moreover, parties often leave good memories. From our own experiences, we all have happy memories of our birthday parties when we were little. Every family has great photos took on family parties in their album. In addition, contrary to what some people believe that spending on parties is a waste of social resources, parties actually create value, either by employing people in the party planning business or by offering people better party experiences.

P/s :Mk tìm đó,bạn tham khảo ý nha,còn mạch thì bạn nên tự viết vẫn hơn nhé!

14 tháng 3 2017

dễ dịch mà

tự dịch đi

@nguyễn thảo nguyên

22 tháng 8 2017

Bài viết 1:

The view, a year of traveling after teenagers finish high school, has been became more and more popular in the world, especially among developed countries. It's seem to be useful way for young people preparing for future and thinking about their future life.

Experts say that gap year is a chance to whom want to experience a completely independent life for first time, thinking about if necessary to continue their study or it's better to find a suitable job? For this reason traveling is a good solution both answer their question and enjoy their life. Generally speaking traveling make human a mature person, by improving human knowledge about own and the world that surrounded them. All of these help to recognize your favorites better and help to make right decision in the future. Also during a journey tolerance of human goes up and it good enough to accept your life duties best and bear hard situations.

On the other hand some people argue that such journeys covered huge cost. Since gappers pay their travel cost, they might go back home without any money for rest of life. So, they say going such journey basically is wrong. This view is true somehow. For all I think governments should pay part of costs in order to encourage people to do that, also organize these travels to be cheaper due to decrease disadvantages of it. In my view, if it is possible, this way is the big chance for the majority of gappers to know themselves.

Over all, although gap year has some disadvantages like it's expensive costs, it could be a good solution for whom want to feel a independent life if governments try to plan such trips.

Bài viết 2:

Some youngsters consider a gap year the key to enhancing their career prospects, others think it is a worthless pursuit. I believe that pursuing a gap-year can provide worthwhile experiences to juveniles, laying the seeds of a prosperous professional career. Although a gap-year is an exciting opportunity to undertake a self-development project, it is risky at the same time.

On the one hand, youngsters can gain relevant work experiences, key skills; broadening their view of the world. Working during the defer years can increase invaluable knowledge. Furthermore, experiencing other countries can help gain an appreciation and awareness of global issues, putting people in the lead. Such knowledge is paramount to secure a dream job.

On the other hand, it can cost an awful amount of money to organise and realise. To add to the ordeal, one can get bankrupt. One in ten people face financial ordeals from budget mismanagement according to gap-year tour operators, however, that number is negligible.

Finally, in my opinion, hefty expenses should be the least cause for deterring a gap-year. The return on investment is high, bringing positive drastic changes to the personality of the youngster. Travelling to other countries solidifies young adults with soft, and hard skills; moulding character and individuality. Facing and circumventing adversity in an unfamiliar country sets a solid foundation for solving problems in life. Such experience is worth the expense.

In conclusion, there is definitely an edge some young person can attain contrasting to those who consider gap-years an expensive waste of time. However, improper planning can adversely affect personal finances; accurate gap-year budget plans eliminates the risk of debt and bankruptcy.

22 tháng 8 2017

Chào bạn, câu trả lời của bạn rất hay, cho mình hỏi bạn tự làm hay chép, nếu chép cho mình xin link của trang nhahaha

18 tháng 9 2017

Nowadays, the growing development of means of transportation has made traveling between countries easier than ever, creating enormous conditions for people going abroad for holidays to enjoy themselves. However, travelling to foreign country sometimes brings about some disadvantages for the travelers who are not well-prepared.
In this essay, I will present the benefits and drawbacks of having a holidays in a foreign country.
On the one hand, travelling overseas can benefit you in some aspects as follows:
Firstly, being in a different country can give you an exciting moment when seeing many historical places and spectacular monuments. This memory will leave a good impression on your mind afterwards. For instance: the gorgeous scenery and old age temples in Thailand has made me excited and impressed when seeing these places of interest.
Secondly, living in a foreign country and having their local dishes can give you a completely new experience in having their traditional food, which you have never tasted i your own country. In fact, being on the tour of Beijing, I had a chance of enjoying the dish of Fried Duck which has been the tastiest and softest meat I have ever tried so far.
Thirdly, staying abroad can help you understand traditional values and characteristics through joining their festivals and other cultural activities. For instance, taking part in the Watering Festival in Laos and Thailand might be a great joy for travelers to understand their unique customs in welcoming New year.
On the other hand, while having holidays in an exotic country, people can cope with some drawbacks as follows.
Firstly, language barrier is the most difficult problem for you to overcome, especially in a country which English is not popular. In reality, it is very difficult for tourists to read traffic signs and public billboards in some Arabic countries with a strange type of letters which is totally different from our Latin alphabet.
Secondly, in some cases, you will be got in trouble just in case of being sick without lots of money in your pocket. The cost of treatment will be much higher in your country, especially in case you had no medical insurance.
Thirdly, travelling abroad can cost you a lot of money. You must have a good preparation for your trip including : airfares, travelling and hotel costs and other expenses during your journey. A well-prepared plan can bring you some comforts during the journey to an exotic country.
In conclusion, going abroad can give you unforgettable memories about gorgeous land, familiar people, unique customs and delicious foods which you have never experienced before. However, to be satisfied with these enjoyment, you should have a good preparation for the budget, knowledge about the foreign country that you will visit.

19 tháng 9 2017

Nowadays, more and more people around the world travel abroad to spend their holidays there. It is also easier and easier for people to go around the world thanks to globalization. Therefore, the number of foreign tourists is continuously increasing in every countries in the world, especially developed countries. Along with many benefits and joyfulness it brings when travelling abroad, there are also some disadvantages that people have to suffer from. So what are they? In this essay, I am going to show you the good and bad things about having a vacation in other countries. First, people desire to go abroad because they want to discover new lands, a place that they have never been to. Each country has different climate, scenery, people, culture, food and so on, so people want to see those differences, enjoy the new things in other countries. People around the world are attracted by the country's architecture. In particular, the architectural designs between the East and the West is different and each country has its own architecture, therefore, it brings people enthusiasm and satisfaction when they set foot in the strange nation. Tourists are not only attracted by man-made building but also by natural scenery. Beautiful beaches with turquoise water and white sand, marvelous mountain ranges with snow on top or forests with diverse plants and animals attract millions people from all over the world to explore. That must be great experiences! Other excellent factors that tourists want to discover when travelling overseas are food and culture. The food around the world is diverse and delicious, too. Even though the foreign food is tasty or not, the feelings when we eat are the exciting and unforgettable memories. Besides, different cultures also bring excitement for travellers during their journeys. Hence, travelling abroad brings us not only knowledge about different places in the world but also the great memories that we will never forget in the future. On the other hand, travellers also suffer from many troubles before and during their trip abroad. The tourists have to do many preparations which take lots of time to finish. Although a trip abroad nowadays is easier than it was a few years ago, people must make sure about the information in passports, visas, international driving permits and variety of documents they will need to bring along the trip. Furthermore, not getting knowledge about the destination such as the culture, the food, the language can also make tourists confused. For instance, one of my relatives travelled to the UK last year. Before the trip, he was very excited. But when he came back to Vietnam, he told me that he had to eat fast food all three days of the trip because he couldn't speak English. Therefore, the language barrier can make the trip abroad a bit less happy. Tourists should read the brochure that brings information about the place they will visit to get more knowledge in order not to be confused when they are in other countries. Besides, there are also other barriers that prevent travellers from their trip overseas such as money, time, ... It's hard for low-income people or people from developing countries to have a trip outside their countries. Moreover, the increase of working hours, the shorter summer vacation have cut the demand of travelling abroad. However, if travellers think positively about their trip, these barriers are not the problems. It all depends on your attitude. To sum up, travelling abroad can bring enthusiasm and excitement for tourists. They can know more about the world and get some unforgettable memories. Travelling abroad also benefits the tourism industry of the host country, promote the development of tourism, the prosperity of society and contribute to the diversity of human culture. However, people must prepare deeply for the trip to have a healthy and safe trip overseas.

1. Robots can ............. our houses when we are away. 2. In the future, robots will be able to do more ............. things for us. 3. I don't agree .............. you that robots will be able to write a letter to an English friend. 4. They will be very useful because they will be able to do ............. everything for us. 5. Do you think robots can work longer than people ............. getting tired. 6. My father always ............. coffee at home instead of going to the coffee...
Đọc tiếp

1. Robots can ............. our houses when we are away.

2. In the future, robots will be able to do more ............. things for us.

3. I don't agree .............. you that robots will be able to write a letter to an English friend.

4. They will be very useful because they will be able to do ............. everything for us.

5. Do you think robots can work longer than people ............. getting tired.

6. My father always ............. coffee at home instead of going to the coffee shop.

7. Robots will be able to .............. to personal computer in the future.

8. Nowadays robot can't talk to people or play sports, but in the future I think they ...............

9. Will robots be able ............. our voices?

10. Robots can't talk to people or recognise our voices, but scientists are working ................ the solution.

11. Many people think spending money on robots is a complete ................. of time and money.

12. ....................... you walk when you were two?

13. These robots can do many things for the ............ such as cleaning streets or looking after the garden.

14. Home robots can do things .................... repairing things around the house of looking after the garden.

15. ............. do you think about the new kinds of robots?

16. Our future robot will be able to help us ................ the gardening.

17. Robots are helping us a lot in industry, education, and in our house - ...................

18. We waste a lot of money and time researching and making robots. .......................

19. We must be careful because some people may use robots...............

20. Robots will be very useful for our lives but they use ................. energy.

0
14 tháng 9 2017

In the recent days, everyone wishes to pay rent, enjoying the present life rather taking up the burden of paying Equated Monthly Installment (EMI). While there are many advantages influencing people to reside in rented accommodation, there are also drawbacks which are worth considering.

To state upon on the advantages of renting, firstly, people can live very closer to work, schools, hospitals etc., For instance, if there is a transfer of job location, it is very easy to look for another rented house nearer to office. Secondly, you get a chance to live in big apartments and posh houses for short timing and enjoy all the amenities provided without having to think much on investing in buying them. Finally the financial risk is low.

On the contrary, living in a rented house you cannot claim ownership.All the earnings are spent in paying rent leaving a person totally skint when the person is retired. i.e Consider an example of a family staying in a house paying 20k rent whereas they could have invested in buying a flat and pay 20k as monthly EMI. Apart, not all house owners are nice people. Some landlords have stringent rules for the houses rented and collect huge maintenance fees. Moreover, each time while relocating there will be extra cost involved for mail redirection, shifting etc.,

Finally, discussing upon on the ideas of renting, there are equal number of pros and cons on this issue. It depends upon one's own needs and financial circumstances to choose whether to live in a rented house or own house.

One of the ways we assess students on this course is to give them a level related to the Common European Framework (CEFR). This framework is now being used in 16 universities in Vietnam. The goal of this course is for students to reach at least B1 or B2 if you want to progress to IELTS (see attachment below). This means you are an independent user of English. You are assessed throughout the course in every lesson and you will be required to produce an e-portfolio showing your best work (a...
Đọc tiếp

One of the ways we assess students on this course is to give them a level related to the Common European Framework (CEFR). This framework is now being used in 16 universities in Vietnam. The goal of this course is for students to reach at least B1 or B2 if you want to progress to IELTS (see attachment below). This means you are an independent user of English. You are assessed throughout the course in every lesson and you will be required to produce an e-portfolio showing your best work (a website). I will explain how to do this later in the course. For now, you should start to keep a journal of your learning here. This should reflect what you have learned. Please write about your reflections on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Feelings about what you have learned today The role of the CRC and Vietnam Something new and interesting that you learned today and that you didn't know before. Please write150-200 words and check your work BEFORE you turn it in.

mong cac ban giup minh mai minh co bai thi

0
3 tháng 3 2018

Do you feel good? Are you fit and......healthy.........? Maybe you think you are .....overweight...........and need to go on a diet. Or maybe you are a little slim and need to put on weight. Here is some advice for you. Firstly, it is........important .........not to do things that are bad for you - so do not eat too much or go to bed too late. If you have an......unhealthy........ lifestyle, try to ......change .......some of the things you do - only do the things that are good for you. Make sure you eat a .......balanced ....... diet, including a lot of fresh fruit and ......food........ Do plenty of exercise to keep fit : go running in the morning, or join your local gym. If you are very unfit, .......through........, you should start with just a little swimming

3 tháng 3 2018

Do you feel good? Are you fit and healthy? Maybe you think you are overweight and need to go on a diet. Or maybe you are a little slim and need to put on weight. Here is some advice for you. Firstly, it is important not to do things that are bad for you - so do not eat too much or go to bed too late. If you have an unhealthy. lifestyle, try to change some of the things you do - only do the things that are good for you. Make sure you eat a balanced diet, including a lot of fresh fruit and vegetables. Do plenty of exercise to keep fit : go running in the morning, or join your local gym. If you are very unfit, through, you should start with just a little swimming

21 tháng 8 2019

Nowadays testing has an extremely prominent place in education. The preparation required for examinations places limits on teachers as well as considerable amounts of stress on students. While some testing may be necessary to gain a better understanding of what a child has learned, I completely agree that excessive testing is too restricting for teachers. Furthermore, it can actually inhibit students’ learning and potentially be damaging over the long term. Firstly, with the heavy emphasis placed on exams, teachers must teach only to the test. The result of this is that teachers cannot take the time to answer students’ questions about the content. This is because there is only time to teach what is going to be in the exam. This squashes children’s natural interest in subjects. Another point to consider is that studies have shown that any student, regardless of age or subject, needs time to consolidate learning before being tested. A student who is tested too soon may get a low mark which is actually not representative of this student’s learning. Continual testing, therefore, does not take in account students’ natural developmental stages. Finally, the amount of stress placed on students to pass all these exams is not healthy. The continual cycle of preparing for a test and taking a test can exhaust and burn out even the most motivated student. This is particularly dangerous when pupils are still young. It also removes the natural joy that comes from learning for both teachers and students when exams are constantly looming over their heads. In conclusion, although a certain amount of testing will always be required at schools, I firmly believe that the current emphasis placed on tests is unnecessary and could have longterm negative effects on students.

KHÔNG NGỜ CŨNG CÓ CÁI WRITING TASK 2 CỦA IELTS Ở ĐÂY LUN Á :V

10 tháng 7 2021

"Education is not just about going to school and getting degree. it is about widening your knowledge and absorbing the truth about life". In today's era the school system is over focused on testing. This results in stress on students about learning, and also teachers seem helpless, and are unable to adapt course to meet the needs of individuals. I am totally argue with the statement, and also give reasons as well as provide possible solutions for this.

To begin with, Teachers are unable to teach students with interest due to lack of timing. School Authorities will pressurize the teachers for completing their syllabus in a particular time. As a result of it, they are unable to give proper information to students. This results in bad performance of students in their exams. For instance, Delhi school community declared that there are still many schools; there intentions is only teach students no matter how much knowledge students gain from teachers. The solutions of this, could be limited test should conducted by school authorities to help teachers teaching the students with full knowledge and self-assureness

 

I. Complete the conversation with the phrases below. Then practice it with your partner. But we will How about you Would you like What kinds I'm sorry. I can't Lien: (1)....................of TV programmes do you best? Hong: I like to watch women's program. (2)............................? Lien: I prefer listening to music. Hong: There is a good music performance at Lan Anh Club this weekend. (3)........................to go with me? Lien: I'd love to, but (4)....................I have to go to...
Đọc tiếp

I. Complete the conversation with the phrases below. Then practice it with your partner.
But we will How about you Would you like
What kinds I'm sorry. I can't

Lien: (1)....................of TV programmes do you best?
Hong: I like to watch women's program. (2)............................?
Lien: I prefer listening to music.
Hong: There is a good music performance at Lan Anh Club this weekend. (3)........................to go with me?
Lien: I'd love to, but (4)....................I have to go to my cousin's birthday party on Saturday evening.
Hong: (5)....................go on Sunday.
Lien: That's great.
II. Reading the passage, and answer the questions.
Today, there is a TV set in nearly every home. people watch television every day, and some people watch it from until night. Americans watch tevision about 35 house a week. But is television good or bad for you?People have different answers. Some say that there is a lot of violence on TV today, the programs are terrible and people don't get any exercise because they only sit and watch TV. Others think that TV progams bing news from around the world, help you learn many useful things, especially children. Thank to television, people learn about life in other countries, and it helps people relax after a long day of hard work.
1. Is television very popular nowadays? Why?
2. How many hours do Americans watch TV a day?
3. Why don't some people like watching television?
4. What does television bring to you?
5. What do you learn from television?

1
18 tháng 1 2018

I. Complete the conversation with the phrases below. Then practice it with your partner.
But we will How about you Would you like
What kinds I'm sorry. I can't

Lien: (1)..........What kinds..........of TV programmes do you best?
Hong: I like to watch women's program. (2)............How about you................?
Lien: I prefer listening to music.
Hong: There is a good music performance at Lan Anh Club this weekend. (3)...........Would you like.............to go with me?
Lien: I'd love to, but (4)........I'm sorry, I can't............I have to go to my cousin's birthday party on Saturday evening.
Hong: (5).........But we will...........go on Sunday.
Lien: That's great.
II. Reading the passage, and answer the questions.
Today, there is a TV set in nearly every home. people watch television every day, and some people watch it from until night. Americans watch tevision about 35 house a week. But is television good or bad for you?People have different answers. Some say that there is a lot of violence on TV today, the programs are terrible and people don't get any exercise because they only sit and watch TV. Others think that TV progams bing news from around the world, help you learn many useful things, especially children. Thank to television, people learn about life in other countries, and it helps people relax after a long day of hard work.

1. Is television very popular nowadays? Why?

=> Yes it is, because there is a TV set in nearly every home

2. How many hours do Americans watch TV a day?

=> Americans watch tevision about 5 hours a day.

3. Why don't some people like watching television?

=> Because there is a lot of violence on TV today, the programs are terrible and people don't get any exercise because they only sit and watch TV

4. What does television bring to you?

=> Television brings news from around the world.

5. What do you learn from television?

=> We can learn about life in other countries.

Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. ...
Đọc tiếp
Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us? Questions: After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions 1. What is the main topic of the article? Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology Benefit of biotechnology Modern research in biotechnology 2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to? Biotechnology The article The word "Biotechnology" 3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms? Beer, bread and cheese Bread and wine Beer and cheese Decide whether the statement below is True or False. 4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. TrueFalse 5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe. TrueFalse 6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts. TrueFalse
1
28 tháng 7 2017

Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?

Questions:

After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions

1. What is the main topic of the article?

Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology

Benefit of biotechnology

Modern research in biotechnology

2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?

Biotechnology

The article

The word "Biotechnology"

3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?

Beer, bread and cheese

Bread and wine

Beer and cheese

Decide whether the statement below is True or False.

4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.

TrueFalse

5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.

TrueFalse

6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.

TrueFalse