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Oceans and the life they sustain are vital to humankind. Unfortunately, overfishing, climate change, and pollution threaten these habitats.
The oceans are one connected body of salt water that covers more than 70 percent of the Earth, and we depend on these waters for human survival. They influence everything from the weather to the food supply to the health of seaside communities. Yet, we are the greatest offenders when it comes to pollution.
The oceans are also teeming with creatures that are critical to our ecosystems. Fish, dolphins, squid, octopuses, eels, and whales populate the open ocean, while lobsters, starfish, oysters, crabs, and snails scurry about the ocean bottom. Mammals like walruses, otters, and polar bears depend on the ocean for their survival as well. Coral reefs are a biome of colorful activity found in shallow, tropical waters.
All areas of the ocean are impacted by human activities. Lost or discarded nets, spilled oil and garbage, runoff, and sewage are all creating dead zones in the oceans. Excess carbon dioxide turns ocean waters acidic, and freshwater from melted glaciers will alter the weather-driving currents.
Heartbreaking Ocean Pollution Facts
Scientists estimate how much floating garbage is out there, but not even oceanographers can tell us exactly how much – the oceans are just too big. In 2002, Nature magazine reported that, “…during the 1990s, debris in the waters near Britain doubled; in the Southern Ocean encircling Antarctica the increase was a hundredfold. And depending on where they sample, oceanographers have found that between 60 and 95 percent of today’s marine debris is made of plastic.”
Where does all this garbage come from?
Plastic and other garbage enters the ocean when people throw it from ships, leave it in the path of the tide, when rivers carry it there, or when sewage systems and storm drains overflow. In spite of the Ocean Dumping Reform Act, “…the US still releases more than 850 billion gallons of untreated sewage and storm runoff every year,” according to a 2004 EPA report.
This problem is significant because plastics do not degrade in seawater. Rather, they accumulate daily, and, thanks to ocean currents, the plastics travel thousands of miles.
As of April of 2017, scientists estimated that about 19 billion pounds of garbage are currently present in the world’s oceans.
“We’re being overwhelmed by our waste,” said Jenna Jambeck, an environmental engineer who led the 2015 study that determined this staggering number. According to Jambeck, ocean waste amounts will double by 2025 unless we do something on a global scale to reduce ocean waste.
Plastics are the top type of garbage found in the ocean. Ocean Conservancy, a nonprofit that organizes an annual coastal cleanup event in more than 150 countries worldwide, estimate that plastic debris makes up around 85 percent of all the trash collected from beaches, waterways and oceans.
Because plastics don’t biodegrade, they simply break down into smaller and smaller pieces as they are exposed to sunlight. These microplastics are shorter than 5 millimeters long, and some are microbeads.
The United Nations Environment Program note that, “…there could be as many as 51 trillion microplastic particles in our seas.” What is particularly alarming is the five, enormous swirling garbage convergences called “gyres”. These large garbage islands are the subject of new and innovative ocean cleaning efforts and technology.
One of the most troublesome sources of ocean garbage is litter from single-use plastic products ― plastic bags in particular. These plastics are threatening at least 600 marine life species, including leatherback turtles, whales, and seabirds. These animals mistake the plastics for food and cannot digest them, and the plastics eventually kill the animals.
People need to be educated about how widespread ocean pollution is and how it not only affects marine life, but people and the environment as well.
For example:
- Pollution is one of the biggest global killers, affecting over 100 million people.
- Over 1 million seabirds and 100,000 sea mammals are killed by pollution every year.
- The Mississippi River carries an estimated 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen pollution into the Gulf of Mexico each year, creating a “dead zone” in the Gulf each summer.
- 40% of the freshwater lakes in the US are too polluted for fishing, aquatic life, or swimming.
- 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated sewage, storm water, and industrial waste are dumped into US water every year.
- In 2010, recycling and composting prevented 85 million tons of pollution.
- Cleanups can save animals lives and discourage people from littering in the future.
It is critical that we, as residents on this planet, join together to fight ocean trash. There are multiple agencies, nonprofits, and corporations who are joining the fight, and we can support them.
The International Coastal Cleanup organization started more than 30 years ago, when communities came together to collect and document the trash along their Texas coastlines.
The organization connected with the Texas General Land Office, local businessmen and women, and other ocean-lovers, and planned what would be Ocean Conservancy’s first Cleanup. Volunteers didn’t just pick up trash; they recorded each item collected on a data card in order to help find ways to eradicate ocean trash moving forward.
The Cleanup has grown vastly in 30 years. Volunteers from states and territories across the US and more than 100 countries participate in a Cleanup event every year.
Renee Tuggle, the Texas State Coordinator for the International Coastal Cleanup, said, “What I have learned from the Cleanup experience, is that even though the Cleanup started in Texas with a small number of 2,800 volunteers… it has grown into a massive cleanup that involves both national and international volunteers all pitching in for the same common goal of cleaning up our coastal waters and taking care of our beaches. I am proud to be a part of this global movement and I appreciate all of the help and support I get from the Ocean Conservancy staff.”
At a former naval air station in Alameda, California, across the bay from San Francisco, workers are welding a football field length black tube together. It is a single piece of a larger system designated to attack the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
Boyan Slat, the innovator behind the idea, presented his science at a TEDx talk and The Ocean Cleanup idea began. At just 18-years-old, Slat had discovered that cleaning up microplastics and microbeads currently in the ocean could take almost 80,000 years. Now, his organization is poised to clean up a huge majority of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in just five years.
There are also things individuals or small groups can do to help:Be conscious of your energy use at home and work. Switch to compact fluorescent light bulbs, take the stairs, and avoid oversetting your thermostat.When you are grocery shopping or dining out, reduce the demand for overexploited species by choosing sustainably sourced seafood.Plastics kill tens of thousands of marine animals every year. Carry a reusable water bottle, use cloth totes for shopping, and always recycle whenever possible.Always clean up after yourself and participate in a beach cleanup. Explore the ocean but don’t interfere with wildlife or remove rocks and coral.Avoid buying items like coral jewelry, tortoiseshell hair accessories, and shark products.Read pet food labels and consider seafood sustainability when choosing food for your pet. Don’t stock your aquarium with wild-caught saltwater fish, and never release aquarium fish into natural bodies of water.Consider giving financial support or offering your time at volunteering.Research the ocean conservation positions of public officials before voting. Patronize restaurants and markets that offer only sustainable seafood.Practice responsible kayaking, boating, kayaking, and other activities on the water. Don’t ever litter and be aware of marine life in the water.The more you learn about this critical system, the more you can share that knowledge to educate others.The threats to our ocean ecosystems seem overwhelming. The oceans experience pollution, overfishing, climate change, and other issues. How can we make a difference as individuals? We can make a big difference starting here:Learn about the ocean and how you impact the ecosystem. Read about conservancy and restoration – and then share what you have learned.Reduce your family’s use of chemicals. Use fertilizer minimally, buy organic fruits and veggies, and choose non-toxic cleaning products.Trash doesn’t disappear. Moving water can carry loose trash to the ocean.Invest in reusable bags, beverage cups, and non-plastic containers. Always recycle.Never litter and be a part of the solution by participating in beach cleanups.Only buy products that you can guarantee were sustainably harvested. Demand sustainable seafood at the grocery store and in at favorite dining spots.On this little blue planet, we are but one species and we are the most dangerous to all the others. Our oceans and sea life are not replaceable. We can and must do our part to clean, conserve, and improve the conditions in our planet’s oceans.Without the oceans, we put our lives in jeopardy. Let’s do the smart thing and take care of our oceans.
=> Bài dịch:
Môi trường là một phần thiết yếu trong cuộc sống của chúng ta. Một môi trường sạch rất cần thiết cho một cuộc sống yên bình và khỏe mạnh. Môi trường là khu vực tự nhiên xung quanh giúp con người, động vật và những sinh vật sống khác lớn lên và phát triển một cách tự nhiên. Nhưng hiện nay, môi trường của chúng ta đang bị rối loạn bằng nhiều cách khác nhau. Bất cứ hình thức làm rối loạn sự cân bằng tự nhiên nào cũng đều ảnh hưởng đến toàn bộ môi trường. Điều này không chỉ phá hủy cuộc sống của con người mà còn ảnh hường đến tất cả mọi sinh vật sống. Chúng ta có thể bảo vệ môi trường của chúng ta bằng các hành động nhỏ của mọi người trên Trái Đất. Chúng ta nên giàm lượng rác thải, chỉ bỏ rác đúng nơi quy định… và nhiều cách đơn giản khác. Bảo vệ môi trường cho sự sinh tồn của nhân loại là điều rất quan trọng. Khi chúng ta bảo vệ môi trường, chúng ta đang bảo vệ chính bản thân mình và cả tương lai của chúng ta nữa.
Use the correct form of the word given at the end of each sentence:
1) If we keep on ..polluted. the air, more people will suffer from respiratory diseases. (pollution)
2) ..Conservationists. are interested in the protection of the environment. (conserve)
3) We find advertising on television very ...effectively . (effect)
4) Nobody likes him because he's so ..uncosiderable. . (considerate)
5) His generosity .distinguished.. him from others. (distinguish)
6) Who encourages the use of .environmental.. friendly products? (environment)
7) One of the most important celebration... for Vietnamese people is Tet. (celebrate)
8) Many chemicals have a ..DISASTROUS. effect on the environment. (disaster)
9) That is the girl who luckily escaped from a .volcanic.. eruption last month. (volcano)
10) The .destruction.. of their house left them no place to live. (destroy)
11) That tsunami was the most .DISASTROUS.. of the year 2004. (disaster)
12) Since the world's energy resources are limited, we must .conserve.. them. (conservation)
13) These ..innovation. will conserve the Earth. (innovate)
14) ..Forest-fire. is now a serious problem in Viet Nam. (forest)
15) We are trying to prevent a(n) pollution... world. (pollute)
16) Vehicles also account for air .pollution.. in the cities. (pollute)
17) We should pay attention to genetic and .environmentally.. influences on infant sleep. (environment)
18) We are responsible for the truth that our forest is being ...destroyed . (destroy)
19) Sometimes it can be difficult to stay motivated and ..effected. at work. (effect)
20) The company is trying to create a young ..energetic. image. (energy)
21) Thomas Edison is one of The 12 greatest ..innovators. of all time for inventing the first long-lasting light bulb. (innovate)
22) Because of being an ..inexperience. person, he has made that mistake. (experience)
23) Energy ..consumption. should be reduced. (consume)
24) We were all impressed by the speed and .effciency.. of the new system. (efficient)
25) My .price.. is to earn more money to help my family. (prior)
26) There have been many ..innovated. in the field of electrical engineering. (innovate)
27) Mount Pinatubo was the world's largest ..volcanic. eruption in more than 50 years. (volcano)
28) The new law will become .effective.. next week. (effect)
29) Speech ..distinctive. human being from the animals. (distinct)
30) Thousands of people were ..diastrously. killed in that morning. (disaster)
31) Teacher's Day has been .celebrated.. widely since 1982. (celebrate)
32) Thousands of people died in the ...disaster . (disastrous)
33) They always show an understanding of what .consumers.. want. (consume)
34) We worry about the .destroyable.. effects that violent films have on children. (destroy)
35) Earthquakes often come together with volcanic ...eruption . (erupt)
36) All this shows that the machine works ..effectively. . (effective)
37) People must learn about keeping the environment ..unpolluted. . (pollute)
38) Halloween is an interesting festival which is .celebrated.. in many countries. (celebrate)
39) His .poorverty.. is always his family. (prior)
40) I am so .satisfied.. with my result of last exam. (satisfy)
41) Everything is going ...to be satisfied . (satisfy)
42) By the year of 2015, all the roofs will be .heat.. by solar energy. (hot)
43) Thousands of people were saved because ..scientists. have warned about the eruption. (science)
44) Henry .pride.. himself on his ability to predict what the weather will be like. (proud)
45) We all try to prevent ..forest. to protect our environment. (forest)
46) My brother was ..nomianted. as the most effective activist in the school charity program. (nomination)
47) He is still young, but he is an .inexperience.. doctor. (experience)
1. We have to MEMORIZE all the new words in the notebook ( memory ).
2. TIDAL waves are one of the great forces of nature . They are very dangerous for people ( tide).
3. Tsunamis, earthquakes and typhoons are NATURAL disasters ( nature).
4. A typhoon is going to his our area . What sorts of PREPARATION shall we make?( prepare).
5. CANNED food are very convenient for campers ( can ).
6. Today SCIENTISTS can PREDICT when the earthquake will occur ( science/prediction ).
7. The mountain was full of VOLCANIC rock and ash when the ERUPTION was over ( volcano/erupt).
8. Thousands of people have been made HOMELESS by flooding ( home ).
9. If we want to look after the environment , we should protect TROPICAL rainforest ( tropic).
10. Many people were DISASTROUS killed in that storm ( disaster ).
11. The lava SOLIDIFIES as it cools ( solid ).
12. "You look nervous"."Thunder makes me TERRIFIED" ( terrify ).
13. The weather is so UNPREDICTABLE that I don't know that should take an umbrella or sun-tan lotion ( predict).
14. TRADIONALLY, people eat STICKY rice cakes at Tet ( tradition/stick).
15. We went to the shop downtown to by some DECORATIVE ornament ( decoration )
Change into active voice.
1. Has the printer been fixed yet?
=> have you fixed the printer yet?
2. Will the children be taken home by bus by the teachers?
=> will the teachers take the children home by bus?
3. Those trees are going to be cut down.
=> i am going to cut down those trees
4. Are the walls being repainted?
=> are you repainting the walls?
5. Have the books been returned to the library by the students?
=> have the students returned the books to the library?
6. Was dinner being prepared in the kitchen by your children?
=> is your children preparing dinner in the kitchen?
7. Is a story going to be told by the grandmother?
=> is the grandmother going to tell a story?
8. Was your car repaired by a mechanic?
=> did a machanic repair your car?
9. Were those pictures stolen last night?
=> did you steal the pictures last night?
10. Were your taught French by your mother?
=> did your mother teach french you?
Bổ sung câu 16: (Tự nhiên không thấy hehe)
16, My new car was stolen by the thief.
=> The thief stole my new car.
C. Choose one sentence that best rewrites the sentence given
1. He broke my watch.
| A. My watch were broken | B. My watch be broken |
| C. My watch is broken | D. My watch was broken |
| 2. The teacher explained the rule to the student. A. The rule was explained tothe student |
B. The students were explained the rule. |
| C. The students were explained the rule. | D. A and B are correct |
| 3. He often asked to help them A. He is often asked tohelp them |
B. They are often asked to help me |
| C. I am often asked tohelp them | D. I am often asked him to help me. |
4. His friends never forgave his betrayal.
A. His betrayal were never forgiven by his friends. B. His betrayal was never forgiven by his friends.
C. His betrayal was never forgave by his friends D. His betrayal never forgave by his friends.
5. I am sure we’ll settle the matter easily.
A. I’m sure the matter will settle easily. B. I’m sure the matter will be settled easily.
C. I’m sure the matter will settled easily. D. I’m sure the matter won’t be settled easily.
6. We sent for the police.
| A. The police was sent for | B. The police was sent |
| C. The police were sent for | D. The police was sent for us. |
| 7. They speak much about this book. A. This book is much spoken about |
B. This book is much spoken. |
| C. This book is muchabout spoken | D. This book is much spoken about them |
| 8. Have they tested all the machines? A. Have all the machines be tested? |
B. Have all the machines been testing? |
| C. Have all the machinesbeen tested? | D. Have all the machines been being testing? |
| 9. Does he realize that they are laughing at him? A. Does he realize that he is being laughed at? |
B. Is he realize that he is being laughedat? |
| C. Does he realize that he is laughing at? | D. Is he realize that he is laughing at? |
| 10. The manager offers me several jobs. A. I was offers several jobs. |
B. I am offered several jobs. |
| C. Several jobs areoffered to me | D. B and C are correct. |
11. We found that they had cancelled the soccer match.
A. We found that the soccer match had been cancelled.
B. The soccer match had been cancelled.
C. The soccer match was found that had been cancelled
D. The soccer match was found to have been cancelled by us.
12. “Did Shakespeare write this play?”
| A. Did this play be written by Shakespeare? | B. Was this play written by Shakespeare? |
| B. This play was written by Shakespeare? | D. Did this play Shakespeare write? |
| 13. Which book do the students love? A. Which book are done love by the students? |
B. Which book is the students loved? |
| C. Which book are loved by the students? | D. Which book is loved by the students? |
| 14. How many slums are they going to clear? A. How many slums are being gone to clear? |
B. How many slums are being cleared? |
| C. How many slums are going to clear? | D. How many slums are going to be cleared? |
| 15. Who wrote the report on the air pollution? A. By whom was the report on the air pollution written? |
B. Whom was the report written on the air pollution by? |
| C. The report on the air pollution was written by whom? | D. A and B are correct. |
16. Who killed President John Kennedy?
A. By whom President John Kennedy was killed?
B. By whom was President John Kennedy killed?
C. By whom was President John Kennedy?
D. By whom killed President John Kennedy?
17. How many students are carrying the bookshelf?
A. By how many students are the bookshelf being carried?
B. By how many students is the bookshelf being carried?
C. By how many students are the bookshelf been carrying?
D. By how many students are the bookshelf be carrying?
18. People say that Mary is a good worker.
A. Mary is said that she is a good worker
B. Mary is said that to be a good worker
C. It is said to be a good worker.
D. Mary is said that to be a good worker
19. It is believed that the man escaped in a stolen car.
A. The man is believed to escaped in a stolen car.
B. The man is believed to have escaped in a stolen car
C. The man is believed to escaped in a stolen car
D. They believed that the man stole the car.
20. It was thought that the building had been destroyed.
A. The building was thought had been destroyed
B. The building was thought to have been destroyed.
C. The building thought to be destroyed.
D. They have destroyed the building
What will homes be like by the year 2050? What improvements (improve) will there be in the general standard of living?
Forget about entering the house with a key admittance (admit) will only be possible with a personal ( person) card. It will be of no importance (important) if you leave lights or heaters on when you go out. They will be automatically (automatic) switched off. The (safe) safety of your house will not be a problem. protection (protect) against fire and tintruder will be guaranteed. Doing the shopping, going to the bank, talking and seeing people on the other side of the world without leaving home will all be possible due to the existence (exist) of 21st century technology.
Each home will have a central (centre) computer controlling all sort of practical (practice) devices that will make life easier and more comfortable.
Everybody agrees that no more staff will be employed.
This car was manufactured in Japan by Toyota last year.
Environment problems should be studied at school by students.
Important issues have constantly been ignored due to economic reasons by gorvenments.
People are being given leaflets about what to do to protect the environment by organizations like Greenpeace