K
Khách

Hãy nhập câu hỏi của bạn vào đây, nếu là tài khoản VIP, bạn sẽ được ưu tiên trả lời.

13 tháng 7 2017

Đọc đoạn văn sau và điền không quá 2 từ có trong đoạn văn vào mỗi chỗ trống để hoàn thành các câu bên dưới. On April 10th, 1912, RMS Titanic, a ship thought to be unsinkable, started its voyage from Southampton to New York. The voyage never finished because it crashed into a huge iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean and sank just four days after it departed. People are still overwhelmed with the luxury of the ship. It had four chimneys but only three worked, and the other chimney was just for decoration. It has been the only voyage ship that sank because of an iceberg. About three thousand people died and only a few people survived.
People can see the RMS Titanic again in 2017. The new one is an exact copy of the RMS Titanic. It will also have the same journey as the RMS Titanic.

The Titanic sank...four days..........after it departed.
The Tinanic sank because of a very big...iceberg...... .
Only three of four...chimneys........were functional.
The number of deaths totaled about....three thousands......passengers.
A.....new one.......of the RMS Titanic is now being built.

In an effort to produce the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ship afloat, the British built the S.S Titanic. It was so superior to anything else on the seas that it was dubbed "unsinkable." So sure of this were the owners that they provided only twenty lifeboats and rafts, less than one half the number needed for the 2,227 passengers on board. Many passengers were abroad the night it rammed an iceberg, only two days at sea and more than halfway between England and its New York destination....
Đọc tiếp

In an effort to produce the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ship afloat, the British built the S.S Titanic. It was so superior to anything else on the seas that it was dubbed "unsinkable." So sure of this were the owners that they provided only twenty lifeboats and rafts, less than one half the number needed for the 2,227 passengers on board. Many passengers were abroad the night it rammed an iceberg, only two days at sea and more than halfway between England and its New York destination. Because the luxury liner was traveling so fast, it was impossible to avoid the ghostly looking iceberg. An inextinguishable fire also contributed to the ship's submersion. Panic increased the number of casualties as people jumped into the icy water or fought to be among the few to board the lifeboats. Four hours after the mishap, another ship, the Carpathia, rescued the 705 survivors. The infamous S.S Titanic had only enjoyed two days of sailing glory on its maiden voyage in 1912 before plunging into 12,000 feet of water near the coast of Newfoundland, where it lies today. Question 1. All of the following are true except. Một lựa chọn.

(1 Điểm)

a. only a third of those aboard perished

b. the Carpathia rescued the survivors

c. the S.S Titanic sank near Newfoundland

d. the S.S Titanic was the fastest ship afloat in 1912

6565,

Question 2. How many days was the S.S Titanic at sea before sinking ?. Một lựa chọn.

(1 Điểm)

a. 2

b. 4

c. 6

d. 12

6666,

Question 3. What is the main idea of this passage ?. Một lựa chọn.

(1 Điểm)

a. The S.S Titanic proved itself the most seaworthy vessel in 1912.

b. Attempts to rescue the S.S Titanic's survivors were not successful.

c. Overconfidence by builders and owners was greatly responsible for the sinking of the vessel.

d. A fire and panic were the only causes for the sinking of the ship

6767,

Question 4. In which lines does the author indicate that the S.S Titanic's owners were overly confident about its seaworthiness ?. Một lựa chọn.

(1 Điểm)

a. Line 2+3

b. Line 6

c. Line 8

d. Line 10+11

1
6 tháng 3 2021

In an effort to produce the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ship afloat, the British built the S.S Titanic. It was so superior to anything else on the seas that it was dubbed "unsinkable." So sure of this were the owners that they provided only twenty lifeboats and rafts, less than one half the number needed for the 2,227 passengers on board. Many passengers were abroad the night it rammed an iceberg, only two days at sea and more than halfway between England and its New York destination. Because the luxury liner was traveling so fast, it was impossible to avoid the ghostly looking iceberg. An inextinguishable fire also contributed to the ship's submersion. Panic increased the number of casualties as people jumped into the icy water or fought to be among the few to board the lifeboats. Four hours after the mishap, another ship, the Carpathia, rescued the 705 survivors. The infamous S.S Titanic had only enjoyed two days of sailing glory on its maiden voyage in 1912 before plunging into 12,000 feet of water near the coast of Newfoundland, where it lies today.

Question 1. All of the following are true except. Một lựa chọn.

(1 Điểm)

a. only a third of those aboard perished

b. the Carpathia rescued the survivors

c. the S.S Titanic sank near Newfoundland

d. the S.S Titanic was the fastest ship afloat in 1912

6565,

Question 2. How many days was the S.S Titanic at sea before sinking ?. Một lựa chọn.

(1 Điểm)

a. 2

b. 4

c. 6

d. 12

6666,

Question 3. What is the main idea of this passage ?. Một lựa chọn.

(1 Điểm)

a. The S.S Titanic proved itself the most seaworthy vessel in 1912.

b. Attempts to rescue the S.S Titanic's survivors were not successful.

c. Overconfidence by builders and owners was greatly responsible for the sinking of the vessel.

d. A fire and panic were the only causes for the sinking of the ship

6767,

Question 4. In which lines does the author indicate that the S.S Titanic's owners were overly confident about its seaworthiness ?. Một lựa chọn.

(1 Điểm)

a. Line 2+3

b. Line 6

c. Line 8

cycling is the best means of transportation and exercise for three seasons. Frist, it is one of the safest forms of exercise. A daily bike ride will help improve your breathing and gently increase your energy. Cycling, three fore, is suitablefor people of all ages, but if you have any medical problems, check with your doctor before you start. Besides being an excellent from of exercise, cycling allows you to see the coutry as you ride your bike slowly through small quiet villages orbeautiful...
Đọc tiếp

cycling is the best means of transportation and exercise for three seasons. Frist, it is one of the safest forms of exercise. A daily bike ride will help improve your breathing and gently increase your energy. Cycling, three fore, is suitablefor people of all ages, but if you have any medical problems, check with your doctor before you start. Besides being an excellent from of exercise, cycling allows you to see the coutry as you ride your bike slowly through small quiet villages orbeautiful forest paths. Cycling ia also an easy, convenient and inexpensive means of transportation.Ride your bike to school and you never gat held up in traffic on the way!You'll be in control, keep your teacher happy and be healthier,too

1,Riding regularly is especially good for__(a,smokers/b,non-smokers/c,patient/d,the old)

2,Can a paitent ride a bicycle?(a,No he/she can//b,yes,he/she can//c,maybe yes, but ask your doctor first//d,yes,only once a week)

3,What kinds of people are suitable for riding?(a,young people//b,peopleof any ages//c,old people//d,children)

4,How many seasons are menntioned in the passage for choosing cycling?(a,one/b,two//c,three/d,four)

5,Why should you cycle to school?(a,because your teacher gas a bicycle,too//b,because it is easy to park at school//c,because it is easy to use///dbecause you are never late due to the traffic)

1
20 tháng 2 2018

Cycling is the best means of transportation and exercise for three seasons. Frist, it is one of the safest forms of exercise. A daily bike ride will help improve your breathing and gently increase your energy. Cycling, three fore, is suitable for people of all ages, but if you have any medical problems, check with your doctor before you start. Besides being an excellent form of exercise, cycling allows you to see the country as you ride your bike slowly through small quiet villages or beautiful forest paths. Cycling is also an easy, convenient and inexpensive means of transportation.Ride your bike to school and you never get held up in traffic on the way!You'll be in control, keep your teacher happy and be healthier, too

1,Riding regularly is especially good for_____________

____a,smokers ___________ b,non-smokers ___________ c,patient _________ d,the old

2, Can a patient ride a bicycle?

____a,No he/she can ________ b,yes,he/she can _________ c,maybe yes, but ask your doctor first _________ d,yes,only once a week

3, What kinds of people are suitable for riding?

____a,young people __________b,people of any ages___________c,old people_______d,children)

4,How many seasons are mentioned in the passage for choosing cycling?

____a,one____________b,two_______c,three_________d,four)

5, Why should you cycle to school?

_____a, because your teacher gas a bicycle,too

_____b, because it is easy to park at school

_____c because it is easy to us

_____d,because you are never late due to the traffic

P/s: Ngồi chỉnh lại cái đề cx mệt dã man

20 tháng 2 2018

xin lỗi nhé thank you Mai Phương

1 tháng 6 2018

In 1783, two French brothers built the first balloon to take people into the air. One hundred and twenty years .later.., in 1903, the Wright brothers built the first plane with an engine and flew in it. This was .in.. the United States. Then, in 1918, the US Post Office began the first airmail service.

Aeroplanes changed a lot in the next thirty years. Then, in the 1950s, aeroplanes became much .faster.. because they had jet engines.

In 1976, Concorde was built in the UK and France. It was the fastest passenger plane in the world at that time and it .can.. fly at 2300 kilometres an hour, so the journey from London to Newyork was only four hours.

Today, millions of people travel .by.. aeroplane, and it is difficult to think of a world without them.

Exercise 2. Read the text and answer the questions. FAKING IT Faking It is one of the most popular reality TV shows in Britain – and there’s an American show, too. It’s a very simple idea – – somebody has to learn a new job in four weeks. For example, a punk singer leanred how to be a classical musician, and a computer games tester became a racing driver. The programmes are usually very interesting because the people try really hard – so the audience wants them to be successful. They usually...
Đọc tiếp

Exercise 2. Read the text and answer the questions.

FAKING IT

Faking It is one of the most popular reality TV shows in Britain – and there’s an American show, too. It’s a very simple idea – – somebody has to learn a new job in four weeks. For example, a punk singer leanred how to be a classical musician, and a computer games tester became a racing driver. The programmes are usually very interesting because the people try really hard – so the audience wants them to be successful. They usually pass the test at the end – but not always.

Sian Evans is a young classical musician. Faking It changed her life. She trained to be a DJ for one of the shows. At first she didn’t really like modern music and she didn’t know anything about it. She was also surprised because it was very difficult. But she worked hard and started to like it. She passed the test – in fact, after four weeks she won a DJ competition – and now she enjoys going to clubs and being a DJ in her free time.

Why is it a successul and popular show? I think it’s because it has a great message – you can do anything is you really want to. It’s one of my favourite TV shows – it makes me happy!

Read the statements and answer whether they are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.

1. The show is about music.

2. The contestants learn a new job.

3. A classical musician became a junk singer.

4. The audience want the people in the show to succeed.

5. Sian Evans failed the test.

6. The text is positive.

0
16 tháng 2 2017

Điền 1 từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống:

Singapore is an island city of about three milion people. It's a beautful city with lots of parks and open spaces. It's also a very clean city.

Most of the people live in high rise flats in different parts of the island. The business district is very modern with lots of high new office buildings. Singapore also has some nice older sections. In China town, there are of ....and date from the colonial days.

Singapore is famous for its shop and restaurants. There are many good shopping centers. Most of the goods are duty free. Singapore's restaurants sell Chinese, Indian, Malaya and European food, and the prices are quite reasonable.

GOOK LUCK TO YOU!

21 tháng 5 2016

The box jellyfish is a very dangerous animal living in the sea near Australia. The jellyfish can kill a man in three minutes.It is responsible for the deaths of many people in Australia - it kills more people than snakes and sharks. It is often found along the coast of the Great Barrier Reef.

Another species os jellyfish that kills many people is the Irukandjj jellyfish. It is very small, only 2.5 cm in diametre,therefore it is very difficult to see it in the water. This jellyfish has become known in recent years, because it has killed many swimmers in Australia.

The saltwater crocodile also kills many people. It is the world's largest reptile.The averege size is 4 m long. The crocodile is now a protected species in Australia. Many year ago Australia used to export crocodili skin, but this is now illegal

Chúc bạn học tốtok    

21 tháng 5 2016

The box jellyfish is a very dangerous animal living in the sea near Australia. The jellyfish can kill a man in three minutes.It is responsible for the deaths of many people in Australia - it kills more people than snakes and sharks. It is often found along the coast of the Great Barrier Reef.

Another species of jellyfish that kills many people is the Irukandjj jellyfish. It is very small, only 2.5 cm in diametre,therefore it is very difficult to see it in the water. This jellyfish has become popular  in recent years, because it has killed many swimmer in Australia.

The saltwater crocodile also kills many people. It is the world's largest reptile.The averege size is 4 m long. The crocodile is now a protection species in Australia.  Many years ago Australia used to export crocodile skin, but this is now illegal      

đọc và khoanh vào từ đọc khác với các từ còn lại 1. A. brainstorm B. sailing C. railway D. captain 2. A. plane B. safety C. traffic D. station 3. A. vehicle B. mention C. enter D. helicopter 4. A. hey B. honey C. obey D. grey 5. A. happy B. house C. here D. hour 6. A. maps B. papers C. cats D. books 7. A. pollution B. question C. education D. action 8. A. healthy B. ahead C. bread D. seatbelt 9. A. those B. there C. that D. thanks 10. A. walked B. opened C....
Đọc tiếp

đọc và khoanh vào từ đọc khác với các từ còn lại

1. A. brainstorm B. sailing C. railway D. captain

2. A. plane B. safety C. traffic D. station

3. A. vehicle B. mention C. enter D. helicopter

4. A. hey B. honey C. obey D. grey

5. A. happy B. house C. here D. hour

6. A. maps B. papers C. cats D. books

7. A. pollution B. question C. education D. action

8. A. healthy B. ahead C. bread D. seatbelt

9. A. those B. there C. that D. thanks

10. A. walked B. opened C. stopped D. watched

11. A. sound B. cloud C. found D. favourite

12. A. tool B. afternoon C. door D. school

13. A. played B. closed C. filled D. needed

14. A. mention B. question C. action D. education

15. A. frightened B. amazed C. disappointed D. terrified

16. A. thread B. beam C. breath D. stead

17. A. parade B. waste C. later D. gravy

18. A. populated B. loaded C. wanted D. lived

19. A. ahead B. bread C. pleasant D. seatbelt

20. A. energy B. flying C. chemistry D. technology.

21. A. naked B. cooked C. booked D. walked

22. A. ways B. days C. says D. stays

23. A. obey B. key C. grey D. survey

24. A. stayed B. washed C. filled D. annoyed

25. A. who B. when C. where D. what

26. A. embarrassed B. crowded C. excited D. divided

27. A. ahead B. instead C. seatbelt D. bread

28. A. left B. centre C. enter D. frighten

29. A. wanted B. filled C. stayed D. played

30. A. washed B. needed C. danced D. matched

II. Read the text and answer the questions:

Titanic is a romantic film, which was directed by James Cameron. However, it’s also about a disaster. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. The film is about the sinking of the ship Titanic on its first voyage. The main characters are Jack Dawson and Rose Dewitt Bukater. Jack saves Rose from killing herself during the journey on board the ship. Although they are from different social classes, and Rose is already engaged, they fall in love. The film has a sad ending: the Titanic sinks and more than a thousand people die in the disaster, including Jack. Critics say it is a must-see. I agree because the story is moving and the acting is excellent. The special effects, visuals and music are also incredible.

1. What kind of film is Titanic?

2. Who does Titanic star?

3. What is Titanic about?

4. How is the ending of Titanic?

5.What do critics say about Titanic?

III. Read the text about Kirsten Dunst and answer the questions that follow.

Kirsten Dunst was born in New Jersey , USA, in 1982. Her acting career began at the age of three when she appeared in her first TV advert. She made her film debut with a small part in Woody Allen’s New York Stories (1989). In 1994, she got her big break in Interview with the Vampire, performing with famous megastars Brad Pitt and Tom Cruise. Her performance as a creepy kid earned her Golden Globe nomination, the MTV Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and the Saturn award for Best Young actress. Over the next few years, she started in more hit movies including Little Women (1994), Jumanji (1995), the romantic Get Over It (2001) and Mona Lisa Smile with Julia Roberts (2003). However, her most successful films are the Spider-Man film (2002-2004) with Tobey Maguire, where she plays the parts of superhero Spider-Man’s girlfriend, Mary Jane

. 1. When and where was Kirsten Dunst born?

2. What was the first film?

3. What part did she play in Interview with the Vampire?

4. What awards did she win for her performance in Interview with the Vampire?

5. What are her most success films?

1
23 tháng 2 2020

Đọc và khoanh vào từ đọc khác với các từ còn lại

1. A. brainstorm B. sailing C. railway D. captain

2. A. plane B. safety C. traffic D. station

3. A. vehicle B. mention C. enter D. helicopter

4. A. hey B. honey C. obey D. grey

5. A. happy B. house C. here D. hour

6. A. maps B. papers C. cats D. books

7. A. pollution B. question C. education D. action

8. A. healthy B. ahead C. bread D. seatbelt

9. A. those B. there C. that D. thanks

10. A. walked B. opened C. stopped D. watched

11. A. sound B. cloud C. found D. favourite

12. A. tool B. afternoon C. door D. school

13. A. played B. closed C. filled D. needed

14. A. mention B. question C. action D. education

15. A. frightened B. amazed C. disappointed D. terrified

16. A. thread B. beam C. breath D. stead

17. A. parade B. waste C. later D. gravy

18. A. populated B. loaded C. wanted D. lived

19. A. ahead B. bread C. pleasant D. seatbelt

20. A. energy B. flying C. chemistry D. technology.

21. A. naked B. cooked C. booked D. walked

22. A. ways B. days C. says D. stays

23. A. obey B. key C. grey D. survey

24. A. stayed B. washed C. filled D. annoyed

25. A. who B. when C. where D. what

26. A. embarrassed B. crowded C. excited D. divided

27. A. ahead B. instead C. seatbelt D. bread

28. A. left B. centre C. enter D. frighten

29. A. wanted B. filled C. stayed D. played

30. A. washed B. needed C. danced D. matched

II. Read the text and answer the questions:

1. It's a romantic film.

2. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet.

3. The film is about the sinking of the ship Titanic on its first voyage.

4. The film has a sad ending: the Titanic sinks and more than a thousand people die in the disaster, including Jack.

5. They say it is a must-see.

Dịch:Some theories of the purpose of dreamsFreud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We...
Đọc tiếp

Dịch:

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit like a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, like language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses like hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in particular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this article has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?

Find the new words and translate it

5
1 tháng 2 2018

Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ

Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?

Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.

Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.

Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.

Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.

REM và mơ ước

Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.

Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.

Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.

Nghiên cứu mới

Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.

Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.

Vậy kết luận là gì?

Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.

Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?

1 tháng 2 2018

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?