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3/ Ta có:
\(x+y+z=0\)
\(\Rightarrow x^2=\left(y+z\right)^2;y^2=\left(z+x\right)^2;z^2=\left(x+y\right)^2\)
\(a+b+c=0\)
\(\Rightarrow a+b=-c;b+c=-a;c+a=-b\)
\(\frac{a}{x}+\frac{b}{y}+\frac{c}{z}=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ayz+bxz+cxy=0\)
Ta có:
\(ax^2+by^2+cz^2=a\left(y+z\right)^2+b\left(z+x\right)^2+c\left(x+y\right)^2\)
\(=x^2\left(b+c\right)+y^2\left(c+a\right)+z^2\left(a+b\right)+2\left(ayz+bzx+cxy\right)\)
\(=-ax^2-by^2-cz^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(ax^2+by^2+cz^2\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ax^2+by^2+cz^2=0\)
1/ Đặt \(a-b=x,b-c=y,c-z=z\)
\(\Rightarrow x+y+z=0\)
Ta có:
\(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}=\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}\)
\(=\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}+\frac{2\left(x+y+z\right)}{xyz}\)
\(=\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}+2\left(\frac{1}{xy}+\frac{1}{yz}+\frac{1}{zx}\right)=\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)^2\)
để chứng minh 1 trong 3 số a,b,c là lập phương của 1 số hữu tỉ ta sẽ chứng minh \(\sqrt[3]{a};\sqrt[3]{b};\sqrt[3]{c}\) có ít nhất 1 số hữu tỉ
đặt \(\hept{\begin{cases}x=\frac{a}{b^3}\\y=\frac{b}{c^3}\\z=\frac{c}{a^3}\end{cases}\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}\frac{1}{x}=\frac{b^3}{a}\\\frac{1}{y}=\frac{c^3}{b}\\\frac{1}{z}=\frac{a^3}{b}\end{cases}}}\)
do abc=1 => xyz=1 (1)
từ đề bài => \(x+y+z=\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\)
\(\Rightarrow x+y+z=xy+yz+xz\left(xyz\ge1\right)\left(2\right)\)
Từ (1)(2) => \(xyz+\left(x+y+z\right)-\left(xy+yz+zx\right)-1=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)\left(z-1\right)=0\)
vậy \( {\displaystyle \displaystyle \sum }x=1 \) chẳng hạn, => \(a=b^3\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{a}=b\)mà b là số hữu tỉ
Vậy trong 3 số \(\sqrt[3]{a};\sqrt[3]{b};\sqrt[3]{c}\)có ít nhất 1 số hữu tỉ (đpcm)
1/ Đặt
\(\frac{a}{b^2}=x,\frac{b}{c^2}=y,\frac{c}{a^2}=z,xyz=1\)thì ta có
\(x+y+z=\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow xy+yz+zx=x+y+z\)
\(\Leftrightarrow xyz-xy-yz-zx+x+y+z-1=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)\left(z-1\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x=1;y=1;z=1\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a}{b^2}=1;\frac{b}{c^2}=1;\frac{c}{a^2}=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a=b^2;b=c^2;c=a^2\)
2/ Đặt
\(ab=x,bc=y,ca=z\) cần tính
\(P=\left(1+\frac{z}{y}\right)\left(1+\frac{x}{z}\right)\left(1+\frac{y}{x}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3=3xyz\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-zx\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x+y+z=0\\x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-zx=0\end{cases}}\)
Xét \(x+y+z=0\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\frac{x+y}{x}.\frac{y+z}{y}.\frac{z+x}{z}=\frac{\left(-x\right)\left(-y\right)\left(-z\right)}{xyz}=-1\)
Xét \(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-zx=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-zx\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(y-z\right)^2+\left(z-x\right)^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x=y=z\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\left(1+1\right)\left(1+1\right)\left(1+1\right)=8\)
\(M=\sqrt{\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+2\frac{a+b+c}{abc}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+\frac{2}{ab}+\frac{2}{bc}+\frac{2}{ca}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)^2}=|\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}|\) là số hữu tỉ
\(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=\frac{1}{abc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{ab+ac+bc}{abc}=\frac{1}{abc}\)
\(\Rightarrow ab+ac+bc=1\)
Ta có :
\(1+a^2=ab+ac+bc+a^2=a\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)=\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\)
\(1+b^2=ab+ac+bc+b^2=a\left(b+c\right)+b\left(b+c\right)=\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\)
\(1+c^2=ab+ac+bc+c^2=a\left(b+c\right)+c\left(b+c\right)=\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+b^2\right)\left(1+c^2\right)=\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\)
\(=\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\right]^2\) là bình phương của 1 số hữu tỉ (ĐPCM)
a + b + c = 0
=> (a + b + c)2 = 0
=> a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) = 0
=> ab + bc + ca = \(\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\)
=> \(\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2=\left(\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\right)^2\)
=> \(\left(ab\right)^2+\left(bc\right)^2+\left(ca\right)^2+2a^2bc+2ab^2c+2abc^2=\left(\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\right)^2\)
=> \(\left(ab\right)^2+\left(bc\right)^2+\left(ca\right)^2+2abc\left(a+b+c\right)=\left(\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\right)^2\)
=> \(\left(ab\right)^2+\left(bc\right)^2+\left(ca\right)^2=\left(\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\right)^2\)(vì a + b + c = 0)
Lại có \(\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}=\frac{a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2}{a^2b^2c^2}=\frac{\left(ab\right)^2+\left(bc\right)^2+\left(ca\right)^2}{\left(abc\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{\left(\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\right)^2}{\left(abc\right)^2}=\left(\frac{\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}}{abc}\right)^2=\left(\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2abc}\right)^2\)
=> \(\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}\)là bình phương của 1 số hữu tỉ
