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Oceans and the life they sustain are vital to humankind. Unfortunately, overfishing, climate change, and pollution threaten these habitats.
The oceans are one connected body of salt water that covers more than 70 percent of the Earth, and we depend on these waters for human survival. They influence everything from the weather to the food supply to the health of seaside communities. Yet, we are the greatest offenders when it comes to pollution.
The oceans are also teeming with creatures that are critical to our ecosystems. Fish, dolphins, squid, octopuses, eels, and whales populate the open ocean, while lobsters, starfish, oysters, crabs, and snails scurry about the ocean bottom. Mammals like walruses, otters, and polar bears depend on the ocean for their survival as well. Coral reefs are a biome of colorful activity found in shallow, tropical waters.
All areas of the ocean are impacted by human activities. Lost or discarded nets, spilled oil and garbage, runoff, and sewage are all creating dead zones in the oceans. Excess carbon dioxide turns ocean waters acidic, and freshwater from melted glaciers will alter the weather-driving currents.
Heartbreaking Ocean Pollution Facts
Scientists estimate how much floating garbage is out there, but not even oceanographers can tell us exactly how much – the oceans are just too big. In 2002, Nature magazine reported that, “…during the 1990s, debris in the waters near Britain doubled; in the Southern Ocean encircling Antarctica the increase was a hundredfold. And depending on where they sample, oceanographers have found that between 60 and 95 percent of today’s marine debris is made of plastic.”
Where does all this garbage come from?
Plastic and other garbage enters the ocean when people throw it from ships, leave it in the path of the tide, when rivers carry it there, or when sewage systems and storm drains overflow. In spite of the Ocean Dumping Reform Act, “…the US still releases more than 850 billion gallons of untreated sewage and storm runoff every year,” according to a 2004 EPA report.
This problem is significant because plastics do not degrade in seawater. Rather, they accumulate daily, and, thanks to ocean currents, the plastics travel thousands of miles.
As of April of 2017, scientists estimated that about 19 billion pounds of garbage are currently present in the world’s oceans.
“We’re being overwhelmed by our waste,” said Jenna Jambeck, an environmental engineer who led the 2015 study that determined this staggering number. According to Jambeck, ocean waste amounts will double by 2025 unless we do something on a global scale to reduce ocean waste.
Plastics are the top type of garbage found in the ocean. Ocean Conservancy, a nonprofit that organizes an annual coastal cleanup event in more than 150 countries worldwide, estimate that plastic debris makes up around 85 percent of all the trash collected from beaches, waterways and oceans.
Because plastics don’t biodegrade, they simply break down into smaller and smaller pieces as they are exposed to sunlight. These microplastics are shorter than 5 millimeters long, and some are microbeads.
The United Nations Environment Program note that, “…there could be as many as 51 trillion microplastic particles in our seas.” What is particularly alarming is the five, enormous swirling garbage convergences called “gyres”. These large garbage islands are the subject of new and innovative ocean cleaning efforts and technology.
One of the most troublesome sources of ocean garbage is litter from single-use plastic products ― plastic bags in particular. These plastics are threatening at least 600 marine life species, including leatherback turtles, whales, and seabirds. These animals mistake the plastics for food and cannot digest them, and the plastics eventually kill the animals.
People need to be educated about how widespread ocean pollution is and how it not only affects marine life, but people and the environment as well.
For example:
- Pollution is one of the biggest global killers, affecting over 100 million people.
- Over 1 million seabirds and 100,000 sea mammals are killed by pollution every year.
- The Mississippi River carries an estimated 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen pollution into the Gulf of Mexico each year, creating a “dead zone” in the Gulf each summer.
- 40% of the freshwater lakes in the US are too polluted for fishing, aquatic life, or swimming.
- 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated sewage, storm water, and industrial waste are dumped into US water every year.
- In 2010, recycling and composting prevented 85 million tons of pollution.
- Cleanups can save animals lives and discourage people from littering in the future.
It is critical that we, as residents on this planet, join together to fight ocean trash. There are multiple agencies, nonprofits, and corporations who are joining the fight, and we can support them.
The International Coastal Cleanup organization started more than 30 years ago, when communities came together to collect and document the trash along their Texas coastlines.
The organization connected with the Texas General Land Office, local businessmen and women, and other ocean-lovers, and planned what would be Ocean Conservancy’s first Cleanup. Volunteers didn’t just pick up trash; they recorded each item collected on a data card in order to help find ways to eradicate ocean trash moving forward.
The Cleanup has grown vastly in 30 years. Volunteers from states and territories across the US and more than 100 countries participate in a Cleanup event every year.
Renee Tuggle, the Texas State Coordinator for the International Coastal Cleanup, said, “What I have learned from the Cleanup experience, is that even though the Cleanup started in Texas with a small number of 2,800 volunteers… it has grown into a massive cleanup that involves both national and international volunteers all pitching in for the same common goal of cleaning up our coastal waters and taking care of our beaches. I am proud to be a part of this global movement and I appreciate all of the help and support I get from the Ocean Conservancy staff.”
At a former naval air station in Alameda, California, across the bay from San Francisco, workers are welding a football field length black tube together. It is a single piece of a larger system designated to attack the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
Boyan Slat, the innovator behind the idea, presented his science at a TEDx talk and The Ocean Cleanup idea began. At just 18-years-old, Slat had discovered that cleaning up microplastics and microbeads currently in the ocean could take almost 80,000 years. Now, his organization is poised to clean up a huge majority of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in just five years.
There are also things individuals or small groups can do to help:Be conscious of your energy use at home and work. Switch to compact fluorescent light bulbs, take the stairs, and avoid oversetting your thermostat.When you are grocery shopping or dining out, reduce the demand for overexploited species by choosing sustainably sourced seafood.Plastics kill tens of thousands of marine animals every year. Carry a reusable water bottle, use cloth totes for shopping, and always recycle whenever possible.Always clean up after yourself and participate in a beach cleanup. Explore the ocean but don’t interfere with wildlife or remove rocks and coral.Avoid buying items like coral jewelry, tortoiseshell hair accessories, and shark products.Read pet food labels and consider seafood sustainability when choosing food for your pet. Don’t stock your aquarium with wild-caught saltwater fish, and never release aquarium fish into natural bodies of water.Consider giving financial support or offering your time at volunteering.Research the ocean conservation positions of public officials before voting. Patronize restaurants and markets that offer only sustainable seafood.Practice responsible kayaking, boating, kayaking, and other activities on the water. Don’t ever litter and be aware of marine life in the water.The more you learn about this critical system, the more you can share that knowledge to educate others.The threats to our ocean ecosystems seem overwhelming. The oceans experience pollution, overfishing, climate change, and other issues. How can we make a difference as individuals? We can make a big difference starting here:Learn about the ocean and how you impact the ecosystem. Read about conservancy and restoration – and then share what you have learned.Reduce your family’s use of chemicals. Use fertilizer minimally, buy organic fruits and veggies, and choose non-toxic cleaning products.Trash doesn’t disappear. Moving water can carry loose trash to the ocean.Invest in reusable bags, beverage cups, and non-plastic containers. Always recycle.Never litter and be a part of the solution by participating in beach cleanups.Only buy products that you can guarantee were sustainably harvested. Demand sustainable seafood at the grocery store and in at favorite dining spots.On this little blue planet, we are but one species and we are the most dangerous to all the others. Our oceans and sea life are not replaceable. We can and must do our part to clean, conserve, and improve the conditions in our planet’s oceans.Without the oceans, we put our lives in jeopardy. Let’s do the smart thing and take care of our oceans.
=> Bài dịch:
Môi trường là một phần thiết yếu trong cuộc sống của chúng ta. Một môi trường sạch rất cần thiết cho một cuộc sống yên bình và khỏe mạnh. Môi trường là khu vực tự nhiên xung quanh giúp con người, động vật và những sinh vật sống khác lớn lên và phát triển một cách tự nhiên. Nhưng hiện nay, môi trường của chúng ta đang bị rối loạn bằng nhiều cách khác nhau. Bất cứ hình thức làm rối loạn sự cân bằng tự nhiên nào cũng đều ảnh hưởng đến toàn bộ môi trường. Điều này không chỉ phá hủy cuộc sống của con người mà còn ảnh hường đến tất cả mọi sinh vật sống. Chúng ta có thể bảo vệ môi trường của chúng ta bằng các hành động nhỏ của mọi người trên Trái Đất. Chúng ta nên giàm lượng rác thải, chỉ bỏ rác đúng nơi quy định… và nhiều cách đơn giản khác. Bảo vệ môi trường cho sự sinh tồn của nhân loại là điều rất quan trọng. Khi chúng ta bảo vệ môi trường, chúng ta đang bảo vệ chính bản thân mình và cả tương lai của chúng ta nữa.
1. celebration 6. encouragement
2. carefully 7. Unemployment
3. natural 8. comparison
4. Traditionally 9. unexplored
5. strength 10. resistance
1 We last chatted with each other on Tet holiday
The last time we made a chat with each other was on Tet holiday
2 We wish there weren't coronavirus and we could go camping
3 My father would rather help my mather cook than watch TV
Hey Tommy,
Hope you're doing well! I just wanted to drop you a quick email to tell you about the amazing time I'm having on my holiday in this charming seaside town.
I chose this town for my holiday because of its picturesque beaches and serene atmosphere. It's the perfect place to unwind and relax away from the hustle and bustle of the city.
One of the things I've enjoyed the most is taking long walks along the beach at sunset. The views are absolutely breathtaking, and it's so peaceful and calming.
When I return, we should definitely plan to meet up. I can't wait to share more about my adventures and hear about what's been going on with you. Let's catch up soon!
Take care,
[Your Name]
Complete the sentences using the words in bold . Use two to five words
1. will you ever think about finding a flat of your own ?
time it's ...............time you thought........................................about finding a flat of your own
2. look at how he lives-he thinks he's a millionaire
if he lives .....as if he were.............................................a millionaire
3. this summer , i would rather book a holiday in Monaco than Lyons
prefer this summer , i .................prefer to book..............................................a holiday in Monaco rather than Lyons
4. why didn't you tell me yourself that you were leaving ?
rather i'd.........rather you told............................................me yourself that you were leaving
5. she wants to be more like her mother
wishes she..........wishes she were.....................................................more like her mother
6. i should have taken that job in canada last year
only if.....................................................................that job in canada last year
7. you should have checked the oil before you set out
better it...........'s better.............................................................you had checked the oil before you set out
8. i was about to buy the painting , when i realised it was a fake
if i would have brought the painting ................if I hadn't realised.......................................it was a fake
9. i didn't see the tv programme because i didn't know it was on
known if.................i had known.....................................the tv programme was on , i would have seen it
10. i think you should go on holiday
were if........i were you......................................................, i would go on holiday
11. you shouldn't have told Sally my secret
told i'd.......................rather you hadn't told...................................... Sally my secret
12. you'd think he was a politician
though he behaves.............as though he were............................................................. a politician
13. you should be in bed now. it's late
went it's.......time you went...............................................................to bed
14. it would have been better if you had passed on the message
only if.......only ...you had passed on........................................................the message
15. if the teacher asked you to answer that question , what would you say?
asked suppose.......that you were asked.................................................to answer that question , what would you say/
16. it's a pity it's a raining
stop i..............wish it would stop......................................................................raining
17. she couldn't tell you because she didn't know
would had..........she known, she would have...........................................................told you
18. why did i listen to John? he always tells lies
listened if...................................................................to John. he always tells lies
19. we should have left by now if we don't want to miss the bus
time it's..........time we left .....................................................if we don't want to miss the bus
20. i would have liked you to have informed my parents about my change of plan
rather i........would rather you had informed..................................................................my parents about my change of plan
21. it would have been better if they had got the earlier train
only if.........only they had got........................................................................the earlier train
22. you ought to have set a wedding date by now
time it's.......time you had set.............................................................a wedding date
Complete the sentences using the words in bold . Use two to five words
1. will you ever think about finding a flat of your own ?
time it's ......time you thought............about finding a flat of your own
3. this summer , i would rather book a holiday in Monaco than Lyonsprefer this summer , i ...prefer book.....a holiday in Monaco rather than Lyons
4. why didn't you tell me yourself that you were leaving ?
rather i'd.........rather you told...........me yourself that you were leaving
5. she wants to be more like her mother
wishes she............wishes he were .....................more like her mother
7. you should have checked the oil before you set out
better it.....had better...you had checked the oil before you set out8. i was about to buy the painting , when i realised it was a fake
if i would have brought the painting .....if i had realised.....it was a fake
9. i didn't see the tv programme because i didn't know it was on
known if..had known..the tv programme was on , i would have seen it
10. i think you should go on holiday
were if................I were you..........................., i would go on holiday
11. you shouldn't have told Sally my secret
told i'd....................better you told............................ Sally my secret
13. you should be in bed now. it's late
went it's...................time you went.....................................to bed
16. it's a pity it's a raining
stop i..................wish it would stop..............................raining
17. she couldn't tell you because she didn't know
would had.............she known,shw would have...............told you
19. we should have left by now if we don't want to miss the bus
time it's..........time we will have left by now.................if we don't want to miss the bus
20. i would have liked you to have informed my parents about my change of plan
rather i..........would rather you had informed.......my parents about my change of plan
22. you ought to have set a wedding date by now
time it's..............time you had set.................a wedding date
Question X. Read the passage. Then answer the questions.
On Sunday, Ba invited Liz to join his family on a day trip to his own village about 60 km to the north of Ha Noi. The village lies near the foot of a mountain and by a river. Many people go there on weekends to have a rest after a hard working week.
The journey to the village is very interesting. People have the chance to travel between the green paddy fields and cross a small bamboo forest before they reach a big old banyan tree at the entrance to the village.
Liz met Ba’s family at his house early in the morning; and after two hours traveling by bus, they reached the big old tree. Everyone felt tired and hungry, so they sat down under the tree and had a snack
1. Where is Ba’s village ?
=> Ba's village is about 60 kilometres to the north of Ha Noi .
2. Do many people like going there for their weekends?
=> Yes , they do
3. How did Ba and his family get to the village?
=> Ba and his family got to the village by bus .
4. Where is the banyan tree ?
=> The banyan tree is at the entrance to the village .
5. How did they feel after two hours traveling by bus?
=> Everyone felt tired and hungry .
Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Then practise saying them aloud.
aquatic - heroic - historical - specific - medical - psychological - dramatic - chemicals
1. The Nhue River's water has turned black with the chemicals discharged from factories.
2. The fascinating sky view offers us cultural and historical values.
3. People from "cancer villages" should go for medical examination.
4. Serious levels of water pollution poison specific life.
5. Billboards should only be allowed to hang at roadside for a heroic period of time.
6. At the higher levels, noise pollution may lead to physical and psychological damage.
7. The programme had a/an dramatic effect on the environment.
8. The volunteers made a/an aquatic fight against pollution of the beach.
