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Bài 2: Ta có: x, y, z không âm và \(x+y+z=\frac{3}{2}\)nên \(0\le x\le\frac{3}{2}\Rightarrow2-x>0\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM - GM dạng \(ab\le\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{4}\), ta được: \(x+2xy+4xyz=x+4xy\left(z+\frac{1}{2}\right)\le x+4x.\frac{\left(y+z+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2}{4}=x+x\left(2-x\right)^2\)
Ta cần chứng minh \(x+x\left(2-x\right)^2\le2\Leftrightarrow\left(2-x\right)\left(x-1\right)^2\ge0\)*đúng*
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(\left(x,y,z\right)=\left(1,\frac{1}{2},0\right)\)
Bài 3: Áp dụng đánh giá quen thuộc \(4ab\le\left(a+b\right)^2\), ta có: \(2\le\left(x+y\right)^3+4xy\le\left(x+y\right)^3+\left(x+y\right)^2\)
Đặt x + y = t thì ta được: \(t^3+t^2-2\ge0\Leftrightarrow\left(t-1\right)\left(t^2+2t+2\right)\ge0\Rightarrow t\ge1\)(dễ thấy \(t^2+2t+2>0\forall t\))
\(\Rightarrow x^2+y^2\ge\frac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{2}\ge\frac{1}{2}\)
\(P=3\left(x^4+y^4+x^2y^2\right)-2\left(x^2+y^2\right)+1=3\left[\frac{3}{4}\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2+\frac{1}{4}\left(x^2-y^2\right)^2\right]-2\left(x^2+y^2\right)+1\ge\frac{9}{4}\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2-2\left(x^2+y^2\right)+1\)\(=\frac{9}{4}\left[\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2+\frac{1}{4}\right]-2\left(x^2+y^2\right)+\frac{7}{16}\ge\frac{9}{4}.2\sqrt{\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2.\frac{1}{4}}-2\left(x^2+y^2\right)+\frac{7}{16}=\frac{9}{4}\left(x^2+y^2\right)-2\left(x^2+y^2\right)+\frac{7}{16}=\frac{1}{4}\left(x^2+y^2\right)+\frac{7}{16}\ge\frac{1}{8}+\frac{7}{16}=\frac{9}{16}\)Đẳng thức xảy ra khi x = y = 1/2
Xét \(\frac{a^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}-\frac{b^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}=\frac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}{a^2+ab+b^2}=a-b\)
Tương tự, ta được: \(\frac{b^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}-\frac{c^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}=b-c\); \(\frac{c^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}-\frac{a^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}=c-a\)
Cộng theo vế của 3 đẳng thức trên, ta được: \(\left(\frac{a^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}+\frac{b^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}+\frac{c^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}\right)\)\(-\left(\frac{b^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}+\frac{c^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}+\frac{a^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}+\frac{b^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}+\frac{c^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}\)\(=\frac{b^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}+\frac{c^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}+\frac{a^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}\)
Ta đi chứng minh BĐT phụ sau: \(a^2-ab+b^2\ge\frac{1}{3}\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)\)(*)
Thật vậy: (*)\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{2}{3}\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)*đúng*
\(\Rightarrow2LHS=\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{a^3+b^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}=\Sigma_{cyc}\text{ }\frac{\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)}{a^2+ab+b^2}\)\(\ge\Sigma_{cyc}\text{ }\frac{\frac{1}{3}\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}{a^2+ab+b^2}=\frac{1}{3}\text{}\Sigma_{cyc}\left[\left(a+b\right)\right]=\frac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow LHS\ge\frac{a+b+c}{3}=RHS\)(Q.E.D)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = c
P/S: Có thể dùng BĐT phụ ở câu 3a để chứng minhxD:
1) ta chứng minh được \(\Sigma\frac{a^4}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)}=\Sigma\frac{b^4}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)}\)
\(VT=\frac{1}{2}\Sigma\frac{a^4+b^4}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)}\ge\frac{1}{4}\Sigma\frac{a^2+b^2}{a+b}\ge\frac{1}{8}\Sigma\left(a+b\right)=\frac{a+b+c+d}{4}\)
bài 2 xem có ghi nhầm ko
1a.
\(2P=1-\frac{bc}{2a^2+bc}+1-\frac{ca}{2b^2+ca}+1-\frac{ab}{2c^2+ab}\)
\(\Rightarrow2P=3-\left(\frac{bc}{2a^2+bc}+\frac{ca}{2b^2+ca}+\frac{ab}{2c^2+ab}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow2P=3-\left(\frac{b^2c^2}{2a^2bc+b^2c^2}+\frac{c^2a^2}{2b^2ca+c^2a^2}+\frac{a^2b^2}{2c^2ab+a^2b^2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow2P\le3-\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}{a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2+2abc\left(a+b+c\right)}=3-1=2\)
\(\Rightarrow P\le1\)
\(P_{max}=1\) khi \(a=b=c\)
1b.
\(Q=\frac{a^2}{5a^2+b^2+c^2+2bc}+\frac{b^2}{5b^2+a^2+c^2+2ca}+\frac{c^2}{5c^2+a^2+b^2+2ab}\)
\(Q=\frac{a^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+\left(2a^2+bc\right)+\left(2a^2+bc\right)}+\frac{b^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+\left(2b^2+ca\right)+\left(2b^2+ca\right)}+\frac{c^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+\left(2c^2+ab\right)+\left(2c^2+ab\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow Q\le\frac{1}{9}\left(\frac{a^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}+\frac{b^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}+\frac{c^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}+2\left(\frac{a^2}{2a^2+bc}+\frac{b^2}{2b^2+ca}+\frac{c^2}{2c^2+ab}\right)\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow Q\le\frac{1}{9}\left(1+2\left(\frac{a^2}{2a^2+bc}+\frac{b^2}{2b^2+ca}+\frac{c^2}{2c^2+ab}\right)\right)\)
Theo kết quả câu a ta có:
\(\frac{a^2}{2a^2+bc}+\frac{b^2}{2b^2+ca}+\frac{c^2}{2c^2+ab}\le1\)
\(\Rightarrow Q\le\frac{1}{9}\left(1+2\right)=\frac{1}{3}\)
\(Q_{max}=\frac{1}{3}\) khi \(a=b=c\)
1.
\(y^2+y\left(x^3+x^2+x\right)+x^5-x^4+2x^3-2x^2\)
\(\Delta=\left(x^3+x^2+x\right)^2-4\left(x^5-x^4+2x^3-2x^2\right)\)
\(=\left(x^3-x^2+3x\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}y=\dfrac{-x^3-x^2-x+x^3-x^2+3x}{2}=-x^2+x\\y=\dfrac{-x^3-x^2-x-x^3+x^2-3x}{2}=-x^3-2x\end{matrix}\right.\)
Hay đa thức trên có thể phân tích thành:
\(\left(x^2-x+y\right)\left(x^3+2x+y\right)\)
Dựa vào đó em tự tách cho phù hợp
1) Ta sẽ chứng minh bằng biến đổi tương đương như sau :
Ta có : \(\left(x^{10}+y^{10}\right)\left(x^2+y^2\right)\ge\left(x^8+y^8\right)\left(x^4+y^4\right)\left(1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^{12}+x^{10}y^2+y^{10}x^2+y^{12}\ge x^{12}+x^8y^4+y^8x^4+y^{12}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^{10}y^2+y^{10}x^2\ge x^8y^4+y^8x^4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2y^2\left(x^8+y^8-x^6y^2-x^2y^6\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2y^2\left[\left(x^8-x^6y^2\right)+\left(y^8-x^2y^6\right)\right]\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2y^2\left(x^6-y^6\right)\left(x^2-y^2\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2y^2\left(x^3-y^3\right)\left(x^3+y^3\right)\left(x^2-y^2\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2y^2\left(x-y\right)^2\left(x+y\right)^2\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)\left(x^2+xy+y^2\right)\ge0\)(2)
Ta thấy : \(x^2-xy+y^2=\frac{\left(x^2-2xy+y^2\right)+x^2+y^2}{2}=\frac{\left(x-y\right)^2+x^2+y^2}{2}\ge0\)
\(x^2+xy+y^2=\frac{\left(x+y\right)^2+x^2+y^2}{2}\ge0\) ; \(x^2y^2\left(x-y\right)^2\left(x+y\right)^2\ge0\)
Do đó (2) luôn đúng.
Vậy (1) được chứng minh.
\(\frac{a^3}{\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}+\frac{b^3}{\left(1+c\right)\left(1+a\right)}+\frac{c^3}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)}\)
Ta có:
\(\frac{a^3}{\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}+\frac{1+b}{8}+\frac{1+c}{8}\ge\frac{3a}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a^3}{\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}\ge\frac{6a-b-c-2}{8}\)
Tương tự ta có: \(\hept{\begin{cases}\frac{b^3}{\left(1+c\right)\left(1+a\right)}\ge\frac{6b-c-a-2}{8}\\\frac{c^3}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)}\ge\frac{6c-a-b-2}{8}\end{cases}}\)
Cộng vế theo vế ta được
\(\frac{a^3}{\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}+\frac{b^3}{\left(1+c\right)\left(1+a\right)}+\frac{c^3}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)}\ge\frac{6a-b-c-2}{8}+\frac{6b-c-a-2}{8}+\frac{6c-a-b-2}{8}\)
\(=\frac{a+b+c}{2}-\frac{3}{4}\ge\frac{3}{2}.\sqrt[3]{abc}-\frac{3}{4}=\frac{3}{2}-\frac{3}{4}=\frac{3}{4}\)
Bài 1 :
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy ta có :
\(\frac{\left(x-1\right)^2}{z}+\frac{z}{4}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{\left(x-1\right)^2}{z}\frac{z}{4}}=\left|x-1\right|=1-x\)
\(\frac{\left(y-1\right)^2}{x}+\frac{x}{4}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{\left(y-1\right)^2}{x}\frac{x}{4}}=\left|y-1\right|=1-y\)
\(\frac{\left(z-1\right)^2}{y}+\frac{y}{4}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{\left(z-1\right)^2}{y}\frac{y}{4}}=\left|z-1\right|=1-z\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{\left(x-1\right)^2}{z}+\frac{z}{4}+\frac{\left(y-1\right)^2}{x}+\frac{x}{4}+\frac{\left(z-1\right)^2}{y}+\frac{y}{4}\ge1-x+1-y+1-z\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{\left(x-1\right)^2}{z}+\frac{\left(y-1\right)^2}{x}+\frac{\left(z-1\right)^2}{y}\ge3-\left(x+y+z\right)-\frac{x+y+z}{4}=3-2-\frac{2}{4}=\frac{1}{2}\)
Vậy GTNN của \(A=\frac{1}{2}\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=\frac{2}{3}\)
\(a^4+b^4+\left(a+b\right)^2=\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2-2a^2b^2+\left(a^2+b^2+2ab\right)^2\)
\(=\left(a^2+b^2\right)-2a^2b^2+\left(a^2+b^2\right)+4ab\left(a^2+b^2\right)+4a^2b^2\)
\(=2\left[\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2+2ab\left(a^2+b^2\right)+a^2b^2\right]\)
\(=2\left(a^2+b^2+ab\right)^2\)
Tương tự: \(x^4+y^4+\left(x+y\right)^4=2\left(x^2+y^2+xy\right)^2\)
Mà \(a^2+b^2+\left(a+b\right)^2=x^2+y^2+\left(x+y\right)^2\Rightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+ab\right)=2\left(x^2+y^2+xy\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+ab\right)^2=2\left(x^2+y^2+xy\right)^2\)
hay \(a^4+b^4+\left(a+b\right)^4=x^4+y^4+\left(x+y\right)^4\)