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Write the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the sentences:

1. There are a lot of silk........................... such as scarves,ties and dresses in our shop. PRODUCE

2.Bat Trang is one of the most famous .................... craft villages in Ha Noi. TRADITION

3.We should read this leaflet to see what..................... are organized during the festival. ACT

4.They showed me a marble sculpture which was ................. made by hand. SKILL

5.Last week we hand a ..................... trip on an ancient village on the outskirts of Ha Noi. MEMORY

6.Obviously,our handicrafts are in ..................... with those of other villages. COMPETE

7. Do you know that ......................... have to follow 15 stages to make a conical hat? ART

8.My grandfather has devoted himself to many ................... events in our community. CULTURE

9. You should spend at least one week to visit the tourist ..................... is this city. ATTRACT

10.We are impressed by wide ..................... of masquerades in the showroom. VARY

11.The artisans in Bat Trang village often change the designs of their products ..............................more customers (attract).

12.Van Phuc village in Ha Noi ................................different types of silk items.(Produce)

13.These products are called lacquerwares bacause they are .................................covered with lacquer.(Decorate)piece of ancient pottery.(love).

14.My father like this vase very much.It's a........................................piece of ancient pottery (love).

15.In the past,most Vietnamese people used baskets made of bamboo strips that were ...........................together.(weave)

3
8 tháng 8 2019

Write the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the sentences:

1. There are a lot of silk..............products............. such as scarves,ties and dresses in our shop. PRODUCE

2.Bat Trang is one of the most famous ...........traditional......... craft villages in Ha Noi. TRADITION

3.We should read this leaflet to see what..........activities........... are organized during the festival. ACT

4.They showed me a marble sculpture which was ........skillfully......... made by hand. SKILL

5.Last week we had a .........memorable............ trip on an ancient village on the outskirts of Ha Noi. MEMORY

6.Obviously,our handicrafts are in ........competition............. with those of other villages. COMPETE

7. Do you know that ..........artists ............... have to follow 15 stages to make a conical hat? ART

8.My grandfather has devoted himself to many ...........cultural........ events in our community. CULTURE

9. You should spend at least one week to visit the tourist ...........attractions.......... is this city. ATTRACT

10.We are impressed by wide ............variety......... of masquerades in the showroom. VARY

11.The artisans in Bat Trang village often change the designs of their products ..................to attract............more customers (attract).

12.Van Phuc village in Ha Noi ..................produces..............different types of silk items.(Produce)

13.These products are called lacquerwares bacause they are ..................decoratively...............covered with lacquer.(Decorate)piece of ancient pottery.(love).

14.My father like this vase very much.It's a.....................lovely...................piece of ancient pottery (love).

15.In the past,most Vietnamese people used baskets made of bamboo strips that were ...............woven............together.(weave)

16 tháng 8 2019

Write the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the sentences:

1. There are a lot of silk.............products.............. such as scarves,ties and dresses in our shop. PRODUCE

2.Bat Trang is one of the most famous ..........traditional.......... craft villages in Ha Noi. TRADITION

3.We should read this leaflet to see what..........activities........... are organized during the festival. ACT

4.They showed me a marble sculpture which was .........skillfully........ made by hand. SKILL

5.Last week we hand a ............memorable......... trip on an ancient village on the outskirts of Ha Noi. MEMORY

6.Obviously, our handicrafts are in .........competition............ with those of other villages. COMPETE

7. Do you know that ..............artists........... have to follow 15 stages to make a conical hat? ART

8.My grandfather has devoted himself to many ..........cultural......... events in our community. CULTURE

9. You should spend at least one week to visit the tourist ............attractions......... is this city. ATTRACT

10.We are impressed by wide .........variety............ of masquerades in the showroom. VARY

11.The artisans in Bat Trang village often change the designs of their products ...............attract...............more customers (attract).

12.Van Phuc village in Ha Noi ...............produces.................different types of silk items. (Produce)

13.These products are called lacquerwares bacause they are ..................decoratively...............covered with lacquer. (Decorate) piece of ancient pottery. (love).

14.My father like this vase very much.It's a.....................lovely...................piece of ancient pottery (love).

15.In the past,most Vietnamese people used baskets made of bamboo strips that were ................woven...........together.(weave)

Học giỏi ◠‿◠hehe

5 tháng 3 2020

VI. Use the correct form of the words in CAPITAL to complete the sentences.

31. It is …(DANGEROUS)… to go hiking in this area.

32. Ha Long Bay is number one …(NATURAL)… wonder in Vietnam.

33. Mary is the …(LEADER)… of the English speaking club in my class.

34. Big cities in Vietnam are too busy and …(POLLUTED)…

35. Hoi An is a …(HISTORIC)… city with a lot of old houses, shops and buildings.

36. My trip to Phong Nha Ke Bang is …(UNFORGETTABLE)… experience.

37. There are many …(TRADITIONAL)… festivals in Vietnam.

38. We should eat less fast food or junk food because they are …(UNHEALTHY)….

39. Visitors come to Hue because there are many tourist …(ATTRACTIVE)…

40. We can take part in many outdoor …(ACTTIVITES)… during the festival.

Note: You need to write a response to an e-mail that you will read. What your response needs to include is in the directions so make sure you also read the directions carefully. Dear John, Hi! This is Raj, from Delhi, your pen pal. It was nice to learn from your letter that we both share quite a lot of common interests and hobbies. The subjects that we had opted in our respective secondary studies are co-incidentally common. As a matter of fact, it is due to this reason that the industry...
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Note: You need to write a response to an e-mail that you will read. What your response needs to include is in the directions so make sure you also read the directions carefully.

Dear John,

Hi! This is Raj, from Delhi, your pen pal. It was nice to learn from your letter that we both share quite a lot of common interests and hobbies. The subjects that we had opted in our respective secondary studies are co-incidentally common. As a matter of fact, it is due to this reason that the industry which we both are employed in is also common. It is good to learn that you are also serving a Financial Industry, after your specialisation in the stream of Finance. However, ironically, the respective companies in which we both are employed are arch rivals in the industry of Finance.

Well, that is something on the professional side of us. Due to immense work pressure, I have lately joined yoga and meditation classes. However, I still never miss my old hobby of swimming. It is hard to recollect even a single day, barring the weekly off, when I miss a dip in the swimming pool. Apart from this, the weekly off is generally devoted to spending time, strictly with family. The overall credit to my health, however, goes to the one and a half session of yoga classes in the morning.

Hey, do make it a possibility to spend a few days at my residence and attend the wonderful classes of yoga. In the meanwhile, a programme by the ‘Yoga Institute’ is going to be held in your city in the month of November. I have enrolled myself for the same. The programme is for a week wherein the boarding and lodging are taken care of by the Yoga Institutes.

I will certainly try to come and meet you during the week. Let us catch up in the coming November and till then take care and keep in touch.

Yours pal,
Raj

Direction: As if you are John, read the letter and give a suitable response.

6
11 tháng 8 2017

Whatohoohooho

24 tháng 8 2017

gì vậy oho

24 tháng 3 2017

Use the correct form of the world given in capital thet pits in the space

1. Story about famous people in the world of soprts are often very interesting .FAME

2 Did you join the sports competition last week, Tom? COMPETE

3. In the neighborhood , there is a hospital and a factory. NEIGHBOR

4 Tthere are many modern buildings in Ho Chi Minh city. BUILD

5. We must ride our bikes carefully when we go to school. CARE

6 William Shakespeare is a famous playwright in the world. WRIGHT

7 Her Son is good-looking GOOD LUCK

8. Bbritain's most common leisure activities are watching TV and films and listening to the radio. ACT

9. Our childhood are in the bookstore CHILD

10. What is the oldest of this museum. OLD

24 tháng 3 2017

thấy hiếm bn đăng câu hỏi đấy

Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentences printed  before it1. There are three interesting films on VTV3 todayToday VTV3 has....................................................2. There are many flowers in our gardenOur garden ............................................3. Hue's house is near  the riverHue's house isn't...................................4. Viet Nam has lots of beautiful lakes in Viet...
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Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentences printed  before it

1. There are three interesting films on VTV3 today

Today VTV3 has....................................................

2. There are many flowers in our garden

Our garden ............................................

3. Hue's house is near  the river

Hue's house isn't...................................

4. Viet Nam has lots of beautiful lakes in Viet Nam

There.....................................................................

5. Da Nang is smaller than Ha Noi and Ha Noi is smaller than Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City is the.......................................................................................

6. Many tourists want to visit Sa Pa because of its fresh air

Many tourists want to visit Sa Pa because............................................

7. Remember to do you homework

You must...........................................

8. A man in Sri  Lanka watches TV more than any other man in the world

Nobody.......................................................................................................

9. We do a lot of outdoor activities in summer

We take part in...............................................

10. I won't be able to do anything unless I have a quiet room

If..........................................................................................

2
19 tháng 8 2018

1. There are three interesting films on VTV3 today .

Today VTV3 has three interesting films .

2. There are many flowers in our garden .

Our garden has many flowers .

3. Hue's house is near the river .

Hue's house isn't far from the river .

4. Viet Nam has lots of beautiful lakes .

There are lots of beautiful lakes in Viet Nam .

5. Da Nang is smaller than Ha Noi and Ha Noi is smaller than Ho Chi Minh City .

Ho Chi Minh City is the biggest City of three cities .

6. Many tourists want to visit Sa Pa because of its fresh air .

Many tourists want to visit Sa Pa because the air are fresh .

7. Remember to do your homework .

You must do your homework .

8. A man in Sri Lanka watches TV more than any other man in the world .

Nobody in the world watsches TV more than a man in Sri Lanka .

9. We do a lot of outdoor activities in summer .

We take part in a lot of outdoor activities in Summer .

10. I won't be able to do anything unless I have a quiet room .

If i don't have a quiet room , i won't be able to do anything .

19 tháng 8 2018
  1. three interesting films
  2. has many flowers
  3. far from the river 
  4. are lots of beautiful lakes in Vietnam
  5. biggest among Ha Noi and Da Nang
  6. its air is fresh 
  7. do your homework 
  8. watches tv more than a man in Sri Lanka
  9. a lot of outdoor activities in summer 
  10. I have a quiet room,I won't be able to do anything 

1. are 

2. the 

3. are 

4. one of

5. is 

6. going

7. most 

8. am 

9. such 

10. visit

Gửi bạn!

A visit to the Ocean Center – by Rebecca Hardy, aged 13My family and I went to the Ocean Center in my hometown recently. It was one of the mostamazing places I’ve ever been. We don’t live near the sea, so I don’t get much chance to seeliving creatures for myself.Inside the center you go on what they call an ocean journey. It takes you from the smalleststream, through rivers, and out into the deepest ocean. Along the way you meet fish and othercreatures that live in these places. And...
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A visit to the Ocean Center – by Rebecca Hardy, aged 13

My family and I went to the Ocean Center in my hometown recently. It was one of the most

amazing places I’ve ever been. We don’t live near the sea, so I don’t get much chance to see

living creatures for myself.

Inside the center you go on what they call an ocean journey. It takes you from the smallest

stream, through rivers, and out into the deepest ocean. Along the way you meet fish and other

creatures that live in these places. And there are thousands of them – some pretty and peaceful,

and others frightening and deadly.

Our guide told us that the Center was originally set up to help look after the seas and protect the

life within them. In fact, every entry ticket bought there helps the Center to achieve its aim, so I felt

my visit was in a good cause.

By chance, we arrived just at feeding time and watched staff give food to hundreds of fish. I

wanted to do it too, but the staff wouldn’t let me. But I’d still really recommend being there at

feeding time. You’ll see feeding times advertised at the ticket sales, or you can telephone in

advance to find out when they are.

The most fascinating part of the visit for me was a new exhibition at the Center that told the story

of seahorses across the world. It has the biggest collection for these magical creatures in Europe,

and almost as many as one in the USA. I found out about what they ate, and how a male

seahorse managed to give birth to 1500 babies! And although our guide told us it was hard to see

the young ones, we were lucky enough to catch sight of some in the tank!

We also went to one of the Center’s talks about the underwater world.

Ours was called ‘Sharks’,

and the one on the following day was called ‘Creatures of the Deep’. There are talks on other

topics given on different days, so it’s best to check which talk will take place on the day you go.

Once we’d bought our ticket, we could go in and out of the Center as many times as we liked

during the day. We can also buy an annual pass that gives you unlimited entry all year around. I’m

saving up for one!

For questions 1 – 5, circle A, if the sentence is correct, or B, if the sentence is incorrect.

For questions 6 – 10, answer the questions. Use your own words.

1. Rebecca hardy’s home is close to the coast.

2. At the Ocean Center, you can see fish from both seas and rivers.

3. All the creatures that are on display at the Center aren’t dangerous.

4. The admission fee for the center goes to environmental projects.

5. Rebecca was allowed to feed the fish at the Center.

6. Rebecca had to book in advance to see the fish at their feeding time.

7. The Ocen Centre has the largest collection of seahorses in the world.

8. Rebecca was pleased that she was able to see baby seahorses in the exhibition.

9. Each day, the Centre holds lots of talks on different topics.

10. Rebecca found she could leave and return to the Centre during her visit without paying again.

0
Part 3: Give the correct form of the words in brackets to finish the letter. Dear Kay, Isabella and I are having the (1. good).................... holiday of our life! We are in Vinabliss Resort, one of the (2. lovely) .................... islands in the Eastern Sea. Although it is much (3.small)............... than Vinaland, there seems to be (4. much).................... to do than in Vinaland. Moreover, the people here seem to be (5. friendly)..................... than those on other...
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Part 3: Give the correct form of the words in brackets to finish the letter.

Dear Kay,

Isabella and I are having the (1. good).................... holiday of our life! We are in Vinabliss Resort, one of the (2. lovely) .................... islands in the Eastern Sea. Although it is much (3.small)............... than Vinaland, there seems to be (4. much).................... to do than in Vinaland. Moreover, the people here seem to be (5. friendly)..................... than those on other islands. We are staying in the (6. modern) ....................... hotel I have ever seen. It is far (7.comfortable)................................... than any other hotels and it is even (8.big)................. than the world-famous Calton hotel. The (9.near)......................... beach is (10.little) .......................than a hundred meters away, so we can go swimming a lot. It's really good and I want you to be here with us.

Love,

Maltida.

3
16 tháng 4 2017

Part 3: Give the correct form of the words in brackets to finish the letter.

Dear Kay,

Isabella and I are having the (1. good).......best............. holiday of our life! We are in Vinabliss Resort, one of the (2. lovely) ...........most lovely......... islands in the Eastern Sea. Although it is much (3.small).......smaller........ than Vinaland, there seems to be (4. much)........more........... to do than in Vinaland. Moreover, the people here seem to be (5. friendly)........friendlier............. than those on other islands. We are staying in the (6. modern) ..........most modern............. hotel I have ever seen. It is far (7.comfortable)................but more comfortable................... than any other hotels and it is even (8.big).........bigger........ than the world-famous Calton hotel. The (9.near)..........nearest............... beach is (10.little) ........less...............than a hundred meters away, so we can go swimming a lot. It's really good and I want you to be here with us.

Love,

Maltida.

16 tháng 4 2017

1.best

2.loveliest

3.smaller

4.more

5.friendlier

6.more modern

7.more comfortable

8.bigger

9.nearest

10.less

Complete the sentences with the correct form (comparative or superlative) of the words In brackets. Add any necessary words.1. Sao Paulo is __________________ London. (crowded)2. Paris is __________________ city in the world. (romantic)3. New York is much __________________ Sydney. (expensive)4. The Eiffel Tower is __________________ building in France. (famous)5. China is one of __________________ countries in the world. (big)6. In my opinion, Tokyo is __________________ Mumbai....
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Complete the sentences with the correct form (comparative or superlative) of the words In brackets. Add any necessary words.

1. Sao Paulo is __________________ London. (crowded)

2. Paris is __________________ city in the world. (romantic)

3. New York is much __________________ Sydney. (expensive)

4. The Eiffel Tower is __________________ building in France. (famous)

5. China is one of __________________ countries in the world. (big)

6. In my opinion, Tokyo is __________________ Mumbai. (interesting)

7. Barcelona is __________________ Stockholm. (hot)

8. I think that Istanbul is __________________ city in the world. (beautiful)

Write questions for the underlined parts.

1. Brazil is in the continent of South America.

______________________________________

2. Canberra is the capital city of Australia.

______________________________________

3. The weather in Stockholm has been perfect.

______________________________________

4. New York is 54,555 square miles big.

______________________________________

5. We have lived in New York for ten years.

______________________________________

6. My family moved to Sydney in 1997.

______________________________________

7. I have never been to South Africa.

______________________________________

8. He travelled to Mexico by train.

______________________________________

IX. Choose the correct answers to complete the passage.

Are you planning your next trip? Then why not visit London? London is one of the most exciting cities in the world.

Sights and attractions

There are lots of things to see and do in London. Walk around the centre and see famous (1)_________ like Big Ben and Westminster Abbey. Visit the Tower of London where England’s kings and queens lived. Go to Buckingham Palace at 11:30 and (2)_________ the famous ‘Changing of the Guard’ ceremony. And don’t miss London’s art galleries and museums - (3)_________ are free to get into!

Shopping

There are over 40,000 shops in London. Oxford Street is Europe’s (4)_________ high street with over 300 shops.

Eating

With over 270 nationalities in London, you can try food from just about (5)_________ country in the world. Make sure you try the UK’s most famous dish - fish and chips!

Getting around

London has a quick underground train system (the ‘tube’ as the locals call it). (6)_________ are also the famous red ‘double-decker’ buses. The tube is quicker, but you will see more of London from a bus!

1. a. sights b. landscapes c. landmarks d. facts

2. a. notice b. see c. realize d. take

3. a. lots b. much c. more d. most

4. a. busy b. busier c. busiest d. the busiest

5. a. every b. all c. one d. many

6. a. They b. There c. These d. Those

X. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions.

Seoul is South Korea’s capital. It is located in the northern part of South Korea. It has a population of nearly 10 million people. In this city you can find many tall buildings and skyscrapers. Seoul is known around the world as a technology capital. It has a large subway system. Incheon International Airport is a forty minute train ride from Seoul. Gangnam, Itaewon and Hongdae are popular neighbourhoods in Seoul. Here you can find bustling downtown districts, social life, shopping and great dining. The War Memorial of Korea and Namsan Seoul Tower are popular tourist destinations in Seoul.

1. Where is Seoul?

___________________________________________________________

2. How many people live in Seoul?

___________________________________________________________

3. Is Seoul a technology capital?

___________________________________________________________

4. How long does it take to travel from Seoul to Incheon Airport by train?

___________________________________________________________

5. Are Gangnam, Itaewon and Hongdae districts of Seoul?

___________________________________________________________

6. What are popular tourist destinations in Seoul?

___________________________________________________________

XI. Rearrange the words to make correct sentences.

1. wonderful/ in/ We/ time/ are/ Hanoi/ a/ having.

___________________________________________________________

2. for/ two/ been/ We/ have/ here/ days.

___________________________________________________________

3. Hanoi/ interesting/ and/ is/ a/ city/ it/ large/ is/ also.

___________________________________________________________

4. are/ very/ The people/ sunny/ and/ the weather/ warm/ has/ and/ been/ friendly.

___________________________________________________________

5. the/ Yesterday/ Temple of Literature/ visited/ we.

___________________________________________________________

6. Vietnam/ of/ is/ one/ the/ It/ popular/ most/ tourist attractions/ in

___________________________________________________________

7. Bat Trang Pottery Village/ going/ Today/ we/ are/ to.

___________________________________________________________

8. will/ my family and friends/ buy/ I/ make/ some/ gift/ pottery/ a/ to/ for.

4
28 tháng 4 2020

1. more crowded than

2. the most roman

1. more crowded

2. the most roman

3. more expensive

4. the most famous

5. the biggest

6. more interesting

7. hotter

8. the most beautiful

Dịch:Some theories of the purpose of dreamsFreud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We...
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Dịch:

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit like a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, like language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses like hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in particular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this article has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?

Find the new words and translate it

5
1 tháng 2 2018

Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ

Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?

Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.

Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.

Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.

Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.

REM và mơ ước

Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.

Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.

Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.

Nghiên cứu mới

Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.

Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.

Vậy kết luận là gì?

Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.

Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?

1 tháng 2 2018

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?