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Exercise 1:
Air pollution is measured by a number called the Air Quality Index (AQI), which ranges from 0-500, with anything over 150 considered “unhealthy.” The World Health Organization considers any reading above 100 to be hazardous and recommends that people avoid prolonged exposure. While Vietnamese cities such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City have AHI readings around 100 or higher, many provinces have far worse levels of pollution. In some areas of the south, where there are large rubber plantations and coal mines, AQI numbers can surpass 500.
(Ô nhiễm không khí được đo bởi một con số gọi là Chỉ số Chất lượng Không khí (AQI), có khoảng từ 0 đến 500, với bất cứ cái gì ở trên mức 150 sẽ được coi là “độc hại”. Tổ chức Y tế thế giới WHO cho rằng với mỗi lần đọc mà chỉ số trên 100 thì nghĩa là ở mức nguy hiểm và khuyến cáo mọi người tránh tiếp xúc lâu ở bên ngoài. Trong khi những thành phố ở Việt Nam như Hà Nội và thành phố Hồ Chí Minh đọc được chỉ số AHI khoảng 100 hoặc hơn, nhiều tính khác có mức độ ô nhiễm tệ hơn rất nhiều. Ở một vài vùng ở miền Nam, những vùng trồng cao su và mỏ than thì chỉ số AQI có thể vượt qua 500.)
Some simple way to reduce air pollution
(Vài cách đơn giản để giảm thiểu ô nhiễm không khí)
1. Using public transports
(Sử dụng phương tiện công cộng)
2. Turn off the lights when not in use
(Tắt điện khi không sử dụng)
3. Recycle and reuse
(Tái sử dụng và tái chế)
4. Say no to plastic bags
(Nói không với túi nhựa)
5. Reduction of forest fires and smoking
(Giảm thiểu cháy rừng và hút thuốc)
6. Use of fans instead of air conditioner
(Sử dụng quạt thay vì điều hòa)
7. Use filters for chimneys
(Sử dụng tấm lọc cho ống khói)
8. Avoid usage of crackers
(Tránh sử dụng pháo ống)
9. Avoid using of products with chemicals
(Tránh sử dụng các sản phẩm chứa nhiều chất hóa học)
10. Implement afforestation
(Tiến hành trồng rừng)
-Causes of air pollution:
+ Burning fossil fuels.
+ Exhaust from factories and industries.
+ Agricultural activities.
-Solutions to reduce air pollution:
+ Use of public transportation.
+ Understand the concept of reuse,reduce,recycle.
+ Use energy saving equipment.
PART VII: (2.0 pts) Read the following passage and circle the answers A, B, C or D which is most accurate according to the information given in the passage.
In order to help solve the problem of pollution, people have to be aware of its causes, some of which are quite obvious in everyday life. In many cities people are forced to breathe in polluted air, commonly known as smog, which is a mixture of gases sent out by car exhausts and factory chimneys. What can be done to reduce air pollution is to remove factories from cities and use lead-free petrol in cars.
The pollution of rivers, lakes and seas leads to the death of the creatures that live in them. Factories are largely responsible for the present situation, which is expected to worsen if governments do not make them to obey the law against pollution and punish industries which pollute water.
Finally, all over the world, especially in cities, we see huge amounts of rubbish in the streets, which we are responsible for. The rubbish collection system often does not work properly and people themselves add to the problem by dropping litter in the streets. There is so much we could do to help solve the problem. The point is how willing are we to do something about it?
1. In order to help solve the problem of pollution,
A people need to know what causes it.
B people don’t need to know what causes it.
C people have to do something immediately.
D people don’t need to do anything about it.
2. Smog is caused by
A cars only
B factories only.
C cars and factories.
D air
3. The pollution of rivers, lakes and seas is largely caused by
A car exhausts.
B lead-free petrol in cars.
C factories.
D creatures.
4. Which of the following is NOT true?
A People add to the problem of pollution by collecting rubbish.
B People add to the problem of pollution by dropping litter.
C Huge amounts of rubbish in the cities cause pollution.
D We are responsible for huge amounts of rubbish in the cities.
5. The opposite of the word properly in the passage is
A unproperly B disproperly
C improperly D inproperly
II. Read the passage and complete the sentences. True (T) or false (F).
Air pollution is a serious problem in many cities. Motor vehicles, factories and other sources create so much air pollution that it may hang in the air like dirty fog. Air pollution threatens the health of the people who live in cities. City wastes cause water pollution when they are poured into the waterways. These wastes kill fish and make some areas unfit for swimming. In addition, many large cities have difficulties in disposing of their garbage. The amount of garbage grows each year, but places to put it are quickly filling up. Citizens, governments, industries, scientists, and business people must work together in different ways to gradually reduce pollution. For example, most cities have introduced recycling programmes.
¨ 1. Motor vehicles and factories are among some sources of air pollution. T
¨ 2. Air pollution doesn’t endanger people’s health in some cities. F
¨ 3. Air pollution is the only problem of the environment mentioned in this passage.F
¨ 4. Garbage disposal is a problem in many large cities.T
¨ 5. Everyone must cooperate to reduce pollution.T
6. We can reduce pollution by recycling programmes only. F
Questions | Answers |
What are some reasons why people like living in the countryside? (Lí do mà mọi người thích sống ở nông thôn?) | - slower pace of life (nhịp sống chậm hơn) - lower cost of living (chi phí sinh hoạt thấp hơn) - less noise, more space (ít ồn ào hơn, rộng rãi thoải mái hơn) - cleaner air (không khí trong lành hơn) |
What are some reasons why people dislike living in the countryside? (Lí do mà mọi người không thích sống ở nông thôn?) | - old facilities (cơ sở vật chất cũ kỹ) - narrow and low-quality roads (đường chật và chất lượng kém) - not many schools and hospitals (không có nhiều trường học và bệnh viện) - lack of job opportunity (thiếu cơ hội việc làm) |
What are some advantages or disadvantages of living in the city? (Một vài ưu điểm và khuyết điểm của việc sống ở thành phố?) | Disadvantages: (Bất lợi) - hustle and bustle life (nhịp sống hối hả) - air pollution (ô nhiễm không khí) - crowded (đông đúc) Advantages: (Thuận lợi) - better infrastructure (cơ sở hạ tầng tốt hơn) - more job opportunity (nhiều cơ hội việc làm hơn) - better transportation (giao thông tốt hơn) |
It is certainly true that people in rural areas move to cities in order to achieve high standards of living, but indeed life in cities is more challenging and difficult when compared to villages. There are several reasons for this kind of problem and various measures could be taken by government to improve the situation.
Life in the cities has its drawbacks, for instance, the cost of living in cities is higher than in rural areas, especially housing is much more expensive. As a result, homelessness is becoming more common in cities. There are also more serious problem like traffic congestion and some people do not manage work that can lead to people to commit crime. Moreover, there is a lack of sense of community in big cities, people do not even know their neighbors. Life in cities can be stressful and individuals do not have much time for themselves and their families, as a result the gap between family members is on the increase.
To overcome the increasing troublesome life in cities, the government should start some active measures. Firstly, one key to cities work better is good planning. Planners need to transform cities to make them beneficial for all citizens. Cities need green transport and green spaces; they need to be energy efficient and pedestrian friendly, with housing and jobs to attract people to come to live there. Secondly, the authority should make stricter laws to reduce traffic such as allowing ownership of only car per family and increasing the price of the car and petrol. And people would be encouraged to use public transport rather than driving. Finally, the initiatives could solve the housing problem by building high-rise apartment or by expanding cities.
In conclusion, it seems to me that there are various reasons for the problem in cities life that we are facing now and steps need to taken to tackle this problem.
Cities are often seen as places of opportunity, but there are also some major drawbacks of living in a large metropolis. In my opinion, governments could do much more to improve city life for the average inhabitant.
The main problem for anyone who hopes to migrate to a large city is that the cost of living is likely to be much higher than it is in a small town or village. Inhabitants of cities have to pay higher prices for housing, transport, and even food. Another issue is that urban areas tend to suffer from social problems such as high crime and poverty rates in comparison with rural areas. Furthermore, the air quality in cities is often poor, due to pollution from traffic, and the streets and public transport systems are usually overcrowded. As a result, city life can be unhealthy and stressful.
However, there are various steps that governments could take to tackle these problems. Firstly, they could invest money in the building of affordable or social housing to reduce the cost of living. Secondly, politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centres and promote the use of cleaner public transport, which would help to reduce both air pollution and traffic congestion. In London, for example, the introduction of a congestion charge for drivers has helped to curb the traffic problem. A third option would be to develop provincial towns and rural areas, by moving industry and jobs to those regions, in order to reduce the pressure on major cities.
In conclusion, governments could certainly implement a range of measures to enhance the quality of life for all city residents.
