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\(2,\\ PT\Leftrightarrow6x^2+9y^2-\left(x^2+y^2\right)=20412\\ \text{Mà }20412⋮3;6x^2+9y^2⋮3\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2⋮3\Leftrightarrow x^2⋮3;y^2⋮3\Leftrightarrow x⋮3;y⋮3\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=3a\\y=3b\end{matrix}\right.\left(a,b\in Z\right)\Leftrightarrow5\left(3a\right)^2+8\left(3b\right)^2=20412\)
\(\Leftrightarrow9\left(5a^2+8b^2\right)=20412\\ \Leftrightarrow5a^2+8b^2=2268\)
Mà \(2268⋮3\Leftrightarrow5a^2+8b^2⋮3\Leftrightarrow a^2⋮3;b^2⋮3\Leftrightarrow a⋮3;b⋮3\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=3c\\b=3d\end{matrix}\right.\left(c,d\in Z\right)\Leftrightarrow9\left(5c^2+8d^2\right)=2268\Leftrightarrow5c^2+8d^2=252\)
Mà \(252⋮3\Leftrightarrow5c^2+8d^2⋮3\Leftrightarrow c^2⋮3;d^2⋮3\Leftrightarrow c⋮3;d⋮3\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}c=3k\\d=3q\end{matrix}\right.\left(k,q\in Z\right)\Leftrightarrow9\left(5k^2+8q^2\right)=252\Leftrightarrow5k^2+8q^2=28\)
\(\Leftrightarrow5k^2=28-8q^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow q^2\le\dfrac{28}{8}=3,5\\ \text{Mà }q\in Z\\ \Leftrightarrow-3\le q^2\le3\Leftrightarrow-1\le q\le1\)
\(\forall q=0\Leftrightarrow k^2=\dfrac{28}{5}\left(ktm\right)\\ \forall q=\pm1\Leftrightarrow k=\pm2\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(c;d\right)=\left(6;3\right);\left(-6;-3\right);\left(-6;3\right);\left(6;-3\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(a;b\right)=\left(18;9\right)\left(-18;-9\right);\left(-18;9\right);\left(18;-9\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x;y\right)=\left(54;27\right);\left(-54;-27\right);\left(54;-27\right);\left(-54;27\right)\)
Ta có : f(0) = a.02 + b.0 + c = c\(\in\)Z
f(1) = a.12 + b.1 + c = a + b + c \(\in\)Z
Nên a + b \(\in\)Z
f(2) = a.22 + b.2 + c = 4a + 2b + c \(\in\)Z
mà 4a + 2b + c = 2a + 2a + 2b + c = 2a + 2(a+b) + c
Nên 2a \(\in\)Z
Đặt \(f\left(x\right)=10x\)
Khi đó ta có \(f\left(1\right)=10=P\left(1\right)\), \(f\left(2\right)=20=P\left(2\right)\), \(f\left(3\right)=30=P\left(3\right)\)
Do đó \(P\left(x\right)-f\left(x\right)=g\left(x\right).\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\left(x\right)=10+g\left(x\right).\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)\)
Vì \(P\left(x\right)\)là đa thức bậc 4 mà \(\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)\)là đa thức bậc 3 nên \(g\left(x\right)\)là đa thức bậc 1 hay \(g\left(x\right)=x+n\)
Vậy \(P\left(x\right)=\left(x+n\right)\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x-3\right)+10\)
\(\Rightarrow P\left(12\right)=\left(12+n\right)\left(12-1\right)\left(12-2\right)\left(12-3\right)=\left(n+12\right).11.10.9=990\left(n+12\right)\)
\(=990n+11880\)
Và \(P\left(-8\right)=\left(-8+n\right)\left(-8-1\right)\left(-8-2\right)\left(-8-3\right)=\left(n-8\right)\left(-9\right)\left(-10\right)\left(-11\right)\)\(=-990\left(n-8\right)=-990n+7920\)
Vậy \(\frac{P\left(12\right)+P\left(-8\right)}{10}+25=\frac{990n+11880-990n+7920}{10}+25=\frac{19800}{10}+25=2005\)
\(P\left(0\right)=d\in Z\Rightarrow d\in Z\)
\(P\left(1\right)=1+a+b+c+d\in Z\) mà \(d+1\in Z\Rightarrow a+b+c\in Z\)
\(P\left(-1\right)=1-a+b-c+d\in Z\)
\(\Rightarrow P\left(1\right)+P\left(-1\right)=2\left(d+1\right)+2b\in Z\Rightarrow2b\in Z\) do \(2\left(d+1\right)\in Z\)
\(P\left(2\right)=16+8a+4b+2c+d\in Z\)
Mà \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2b\in Z\Rightarrow4b\in Z\\d+16\in Z\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow8a+2c\in Z\)
\(\Rightarrow8a+2c-2\left(a+b+c\right)\in Z\)
\(\Rightarrow6a-2b\in Z\Rightarrow6a\in Z\) (do \(2b\in Z\))