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\(a^2+2b^2+3=\left(a^2+b^2\right)+\left(b^2+1\right)+2\ge2ab+2b+2=2\left(ab+b+1\right)\)
Tương tự ...
\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{1}{2\left(ab+b+1\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(bc+c+1\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(ca+a+1\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{c}{abc+bc+c}+\dfrac{1}{bc+c+1}+\dfrac{bc}{ca.bc+a.bc+bc}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{c}{1+bc+c}+\dfrac{1}{bc+c+1}+\dfrac{bc}{c+1+bc}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{c+1+bc}{1+bc+c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(P_{max}=\dfrac{1}{2}\) khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(a^2-ab+b^2=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2+\dfrac{3}{4}\left(a-b\right)^2\ge\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{2}{a+b}+\dfrac{2}{b+c}+\dfrac{2}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=3\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b+a+c\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}=\dfrac{1}{4\left(a^2+ab+bc+ca\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{ab}+\dfrac{1}{bc}+\dfrac{1}{ca}\right)\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{2}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)\)
Tương tự và cộng lại:
\(P\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{4}{a^2}+\dfrac{4}{b^2}+\dfrac{4}{c^2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{16}.3=\dfrac{3}{16}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Áp dụng bđt: \(\dfrac{1}{x+y}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)\left(1\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(a+c\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left[\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)^2\right]\)\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{2}{\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)
Áp dụng: \(x^2+y^2+z^2\ge xy+yz+xz\left(2\right)\) với a+b=x,b+c=y,c+a=z
\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+\dfrac{4}{\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{4}{\left(c+a\right)^2}\)
Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)^2}\le4.16.\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2\)(do (1))
\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{1}{4}.16\left[\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)^2\right]=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+\dfrac{2}{ab}+\dfrac{2}{bc}+\dfrac{2}{ca}\right)\le\dfrac{1}{4}.4.\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)=3\)(do(2) và \(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}=3\))
\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{3}{16}\)
\(ĐTXR\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)
\(a^2+b^2-ab\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2-\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2}}=\dfrac{2}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-bc+c^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\) ; \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{c^2-ca+a^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)\)
Cộng vế:
\(P\le\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=3\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(Q=\dfrac{2a}{\sqrt{a^2+ab+bc+ca}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+ab+bc+ca}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+ab+bc+ca}}\)
\(=\dfrac{2a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\dfrac{2a}{a+b}.\dfrac{2a}{a+c}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{2b}{a+b}.\dfrac{b}{2\left(b+c\right)}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{2c}{a+c}.\dfrac{c}{2\left(b+c\right)}}\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{2a}{a+b}+\dfrac{2a}{a+c}+\dfrac{2b}{a+b}+\dfrac{b}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{2c}{a+c}+\dfrac{c}{2\left(b+c\right)}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{9}{4}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(\dfrac{7}{\sqrt{15}};\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{15}};\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{15}}\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{1+a}=1-\dfrac{1}{1+b}+1-\dfrac{1}{1+c}=\dfrac{b}{1+b}+\dfrac{c}{1+c}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{bc}{\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}}\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{1+b}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ac}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+c\right)}}\) ; \(\dfrac{1}{1+c}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+c\right)}}\)
Nhân vế với vế:
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}\ge\dfrac{8abc}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow abc\le\dfrac{1}{8}\)
\(N_{max}=\dfrac{1}{8}\) khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(4M=\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{4}{\left(c+a\right)+\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\)
\(=\dfrac{2}{a+b}+\dfrac{2}{b+c}+\dfrac{2}{c+a}\)
=> 8M \(\le\dfrac{4}{a+b}+\dfrac{4}{b+c}+\dfrac{4}{c+a}\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}=2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=8\)
=> \(M\le1\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> a = b = c = 3/4
\(\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{a+a+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{2}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\) ; \(\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)\)
Cộng vế:
\(M\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{4}{a}+\dfrac{4}{b}+\dfrac{4}{c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=1\)
\(M_{max}=1\) khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{3}{4}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{a+1}+\dfrac{1}{b+1}+\dfrac{1}{c+1}=2\)
=> \(\dfrac{1}{a+1}=1-\dfrac{1}{b+1}+1-\dfrac{1}{c+1}=\dfrac{b}{b+1}+\dfrac{c}{c+1}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{bc}{\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}}\)( AM-GM)
Tương tự ta có \(\dfrac{1}{b+1}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ac}{\left(a+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}}\); \(\dfrac{1}{c+1}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)}}\)
Nhân vế với vế các bđt trên
=> \(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}\ge8\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2b^2c^2}{\left(a+1\right)^2\left(b+1\right)^2\left(c+1\right)^2}}=8\cdot\dfrac{abc}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}\)
=> \(1\le8abc\)<=> \(abc\le\dfrac{1}{8}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra <=> a=b=c=1/2
Lời giải:
Ta có:
\(P=\frac{a^2+1}{b^2+1}+\frac{b^2+1}{c^2+1}+\frac{c^2+1}{a^2+1}\)
\(=a^2+1-\frac{b^2(a^2+1)}{b^2+1}+b^2+1-\frac{c^2(b^2+1)}{c^2+1}+c^2+1-\frac{a^2(c^2+1)}{a^2+1}\)
\(=a^2+b^2+c^2+3-\left(\frac{b^2(a^2+1)}{b^2+1}+\frac{c^2(b^2+1)}{c^2+1}+\frac{a^2(c^2+1)}{a^2+1}\right)(*)\)
Vì \(a,b,c\geq 0; a+b+c=1\Rightarrow 0\leq a,b,c\leq 1\)
\(\Rightarrow 0\leq a^2,b^2,c^2\leq 1\)
Do đó:
\(\frac{b^2(a^2+1)}{b^2+1}+\frac{c^2(b^2+1)}{c^2+1}+\frac{a^2(c^2+1)}{a^2+1}\geq \frac{b^2(a^2+1)}{2}+\frac{c^2(b^2+1)}{2}+\frac{a^2(c^2+1)}{2}(**)\)
Từ \((*);(**)\Rightarrow P\leq a^2+b^2+c^2+3-\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2+(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2)}{2}=3+\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2-(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2)}{2}\)
Mà: \(a^2+b^2+c^2-(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2)=(a+b+c)^2-[2(ab+bc+ac)+(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2]\)
\(=1-[2(ab+bc+ac)+(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2]\leq 1\) do \(a,b,c\geq 0\)
Suy ra \(P\leq 3+\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2-(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2)}{2}\leq 3+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{7}{2}\)
Vậy \(P_{\max}=\frac{7}{2}\Leftrightarrow (a,b,c)=(1,0,0)\) và hoán vị.