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\(\frac{x\sqrt{y}+y\sqrt{x}}{x+y}-\frac{x+y}{2}\le\frac{1}{4}\)
Ta có:
\(VT\le\frac{x\sqrt{y}+y\sqrt{x}}{2\sqrt{xy}}-\frac{x+y}{2}\)
\(=\frac{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}}{2}-\frac{x+y}{2}\)
Giờ ta chỉ cần chứng minh
\(\frac{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}}{2}-\frac{x+y}{2}\le\frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2x+2y-2\sqrt{x}-2\sqrt{y}+1\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x-2\sqrt{x}+\frac{1}{2}\right)+\left(2y-2\sqrt{y}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{2x}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{2y}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2\ge0\)(đúng)
Dấu = xảy ra khi \(x=y=\frac{1}{4}\)
Nhân cả 2 vế với xyz bất đẳng thức sẽ thành yz+ xz+xy+yz\(\sqrt{1+x^2}\)+xz\(\sqrt{1+y^2}+xy\sqrt{1+z^2}\le x^2y^2z^2\)
Ta có yz\(\sqrt{1+x^2}=\sqrt{yz}.\sqrt{yz+x^2yz}=\sqrt{yz}.\sqrt{yz+x\left(x+y+z\right)}=\)\(\sqrt{yz}.\sqrt{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)}\)\(\le\)\(yz+\frac{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)}{4}\)(2ab\(\le a^2+b^2\))
làm tương tự ta được xz\(\sqrt{1+x^2}\le xz+\frac{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)}{4};xy\sqrt{1+z^2}\le xy+\frac{\left(y+z\right)\left(z+x\right)}{4}.\)
vế trái \(\le\) 2(xy+yz+zx) + \(\frac{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)+\left(y+x\right)\left(y+z\right)+\left(z+x\right)\left(z+y\right)}{4}\)\(\le2.\frac{1}{3}.\left(x+y+z\right)^2+\frac{\frac{1}{3}\left(x+y+y+z+z+x\right)^2}{4}=\left(x+y+z\right)^2=x^2y^2z^2.\)
[ (a-b)2 +(b-c)2 +(c-a)2 \(\ge0\)<=>\(ab+bc+ca\le\frac{1}{3}\left(a+b+c\right)^2\) áp dụng vào trên)
dấu '=' xảy ra khi x=y=z \(\sqrt{3}\)
a/ Nhân cả tử và mẫu của từng phân số với liên hợp của nó và rút gọn:
\(VT=\sqrt{a+3}-\sqrt{a+2}+\sqrt{a+2}-\sqrt{a+1}+\sqrt{a+1}-\sqrt{a}\)
\(=\sqrt{a+3}-\sqrt{a}=\frac{3}{\sqrt{a+3}+\sqrt{a}}\)
b/ \(VT=\frac{x}{x\left(x+y+z\right)+yz}+\frac{y}{y\left(x+y+z\right)+zx}+\frac{z}{z\left(x+y+z\right)+xy}\)
\(=\frac{x}{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)}+\frac{y}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)}+\frac{z}{\left(x+z\right)\left(y+z\right)}\)
\(=\frac{x\left(y+z\right)+y\left(x+z\right)+z\left(x+y\right)}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(z+x\right)}=\frac{2\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}{\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(z+x\right)}\) (1)
Mặt khác ta có: \(\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(z+x\right)\ge\frac{8}{9}\left(x+y+z\right)\left(xy+yz+zx\right)\)
Thật vậy, \(\left(x+y+z\right)\left(xy+yz+zx\right)=\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(z+x\right)+xyz\)
Mà \(xyz\le\frac{1}{9}\left(x+y+z\right)\left(xy+yz+zx\right)\) (theo AM-GM)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{8}{9}\left(x+y+z\right)\left(xy+yz+zx\right)\le\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(z+x\right)\) (đpcm)
Thay vào (1) \(\Rightarrow VT\le\frac{2\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}{\frac{8}{9}\left(x+y+z\right)\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}=\frac{9}{4}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{3}\)
Đặt \(\frac{1}{1+x}=a\);\(\frac{1}{1+y}=b\);\(\frac{1}{1+y}=c\). Lúc đó a + b + c = 1
Ta có: \(a=\frac{1}{1+x}\Rightarrow x=\frac{1-a}{a}=\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)-a}{a}=\frac{b+c}{a}\)(Do a + b + c = 1)
Tương tự ta có: \(y=\frac{c+a}{b};z=\frac{a+b}{c}\)
\(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}\le\frac{3}{2}\sqrt{xyz}\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{\sqrt{yz}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{zx}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{xy}}\le\frac{3}{2}\)
Ta đi chứng minh \(\sqrt{\frac{ab}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{bc}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{ca}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\)\(\le\frac{3}{2}\)
\(VT\le\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{a}{a+c}+\frac{b}{b+c}+\frac{b}{a+b}+\frac{c}{a+c}+\frac{a}{a+b}+\frac{c}{b+c}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}.3=\frac{3}{2}\)*đúng*
Vậy \(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}\le\frac{3}{2}\sqrt{xyz}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi x = y = z = 2
\(\left(1.x+9.\frac{1}{y}\right)^2\le\left(1^2+9^2\right)\left(x^2+\frac{1}{y^2}\right)\Rightarrow\sqrt{x^2+\frac{1}{y^2}}\)
\(\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(x+\frac{9}{y}\right)\)
\(TT:\sqrt{y^2+\frac{1}{z^2}}\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(x+\frac{9}{z}\right);\sqrt{z^2+\frac{1}{x^2}}\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(z+\frac{9}{x}\right)\)
\(S\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(x+y+z+\frac{9}{x}+\frac{9}{y}+\frac{9}{z}\right)\)
\(\ge\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left(x+y+z+\frac{81}{x+y+z}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{\sqrt{82}}\left[\left(x+y+z+\frac{1}{x+y+z}\right)+\frac{80}{x+y+z}\right]\ge\sqrt{82}\)
Áp dụng bđt bunhiacopxki, ta có:
\(\left(x^2+\frac{1}{x^2}\right)\left(1+16\right)\ge\left(x+\frac{4}{x}\right)^2\) => \(x^2+\frac{1}{x^2}\ge\frac{\left(x+\frac{4}{x}\right)^2}{17}\)
=> \(\sqrt{x^2+\frac{1}{x^2}}\ge\frac{x+\frac{4}{x}}{\sqrt{17}}=\frac{x}{\sqrt{17}}+\frac{4}{x\sqrt{17}}\)
CMTT: \(\sqrt{y^2+\frac{1}{y^2}}\ge\frac{y}{\sqrt{17}}+\frac{4}{\sqrt{17}y}\)
\(\sqrt{z^2+\frac{1}{z^2}}\ge\frac{z}{\sqrt{17}}+\frac{4}{\sqrt{17}z}\)
=> A \(\ge\frac{x+y+z}{\sqrt{17}}+\frac{4}{\sqrt{17}}\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)\ge\frac{x+y+z}{\sqrt{17}}+\frac{36}{\sqrt{17}\left(x+y+z\right)}\)(bđt: 1/a + 1/b + 1/c > = 9/(a+b+c)
=> A \(\ge\frac{16\left(x+y+z\right)}{\sqrt{17}}+\frac{36}{\sqrt{17}\left(x+y+z\right)}-\frac{15\left(x+y+z\right)}{\sqrt{17}}\)
A \(\ge2\sqrt{\frac{16\left(x+y+z\right)}{\sqrt{17}}\cdot\frac{36}{\sqrt{17}\left(x+y+z\right)}}-\frac{15\cdot\frac{3}{2}}{\sqrt{17}}\)(Bđt cosi + bđt: x + y + z < = 3/2)
A \(\ge\frac{48}{\sqrt{17}}-\frac{45}{2\sqrt{17}}=\frac{3\sqrt{17}}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> x = y= z = 1/2
Vậy MinA = \(\frac{3\sqrt{17}}{2}\) <=> x = y = z = 1/2
Ta có :
\(VT\ge\sqrt{\left(x+y+z\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)^2}\) ( Sử dụng phương pháp véctơ )
Do đó :
\(VT^2=\left(x+y+z\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)^2\)\(=81\left(x+y+z\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)^2\)\(-80\left(x+y+z\right)^2\ge18\left(x+y+z\right)\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)-80\left(x+y+z\right)^2\)\(\ge162-80=82\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\sqrt{82}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi x = y = z = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
Cách khác
Áp dụng bđt bunhiacopski có:
\(\left(1.x+9.\frac{1}{x}\right)^2\le\left(1^2+9^2\right)\left(x^2+\frac{1}{x^2}\right)\)
=> \(\sqrt{x^2+\frac{1}{x^2}}\ge\frac{\left(x+\frac{9}{x}\right)}{\sqrt{82}}\)
CM tương tự: \(\sqrt{y^2+\frac{1}{y^2}}\ge\frac{\left(y+\frac{9}{y}\right)}{\sqrt{82}}\)
\(\sqrt{z^2+\frac{1}{z^2}}\ge\frac{\left(z+\frac{9}{z}\right)}{\sqrt{82}}\)
Cộng vế với vế =>A= \(\sqrt{x^2+\frac{1}{x^2}}+\sqrt{y^2+\frac{1}{y^2}}+\sqrt{z^2+\frac{1}{z^2}}\ge\frac{\left(x+y+z+\frac{9}{x}+\frac{9}{y}+\frac{9}{z}\right)}{\sqrt{82}}\)
Áp dụng svac-xơ vào VP có A \(\ge\frac{\left(x+y+z+\frac{81}{x+y+z}\right)}{\sqrt{82}}=\frac{\left(x+y+z+\frac{1}{x+y+z}+\frac{80}{x+y+z}\right)}{\sqrt{82}}\ge\frac{\left(2+80\right)}{\sqrt{82}}\)
<=> \(A\ge\sqrt{82}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{3}\)
Ta có: \(x+y+z=xyz\Rightarrow x=\frac{x+y+z}{yz}\Rightarrow x^2=\frac{x^2+xy+xz}{yz}\Rightarrow x^2+1=\frac{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)}{yz}\)\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x^2+1}=\sqrt{\frac{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)}{yz}}\le\frac{\frac{x+y}{y}+\frac{x+z}{z}}{2}=1+\frac{x}{2}\left(\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)\)\(\Rightarrow\frac{1+\sqrt{1+x^2}}{x}\le\frac{2+\frac{x}{2}\left(\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)}{x}=\frac{2}{x}+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)\)
Tương tự: \(\frac{1+\sqrt{1+y^2}}{y}\le\frac{2}{y}+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{z}+\frac{1}{x}\right)\); \(\frac{1+\sqrt{1+z^2}}{z}\le\frac{2}{z}+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\right)\)
Cộng theo vế ba bất đẳng thức trên, ta được: \(\frac{1+\sqrt{1+x^2}}{x}+\frac{1+\sqrt{1+y^2}}{y}+\frac{1+\sqrt{1+z^2}}{z}\le3\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}\right)=3.\frac{xy+yz+zx}{xyz}\)\(\le3.\frac{\frac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{3}}{xyz}=\frac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{xyz}=\frac{\left(xyz\right)^2}{xyz}=xyz\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\sqrt{3}\)
\(\frac{x\sqrt{y}+y\sqrt{x}}{x+y}-\frac{x+y}{2}\le\frac{x\sqrt{y}+y\sqrt{x}}{2\sqrt{xy}}-\frac{x+y}{2}=\frac{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}}{2}-\frac{x+y}{2}\)
Cần chứng minh : \(\frac{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}}{2}-\frac{x+y}{2}\le\frac{1}{4}\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}-x-y\le\frac{1}{2}\Leftrightarrow2\sqrt{x}+2\sqrt{y}-2x-2y\le1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2x+2y-2\sqrt{x}-2\sqrt{y}+1\ge0\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{2x}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{2y}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2\ge0\)
Vì BĐT cuối luôn đúng nên BĐT cần chứng minh luôn đúng khi x = y = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
\(VT=\frac{x\sqrt{y}+y\sqrt{x}}{x+y}-\frac{x+y}{2}\le\frac{\sqrt{2xy\left(x+y\right)}}{x+y}-\frac{x+y}{2}\)
\(\le\frac{\left(x+y\right)\sqrt{\frac{x+y}{2}}}{x+y}-\frac{x+y}{2}\) . Cm : \(\sqrt{\frac{x+y}{2}}-\frac{x+y}{2}\le\frac{1}{4}\)
Đặt \(x+y=t>0\)thì :
\(\sqrt{\frac{t}{2}}-\frac{t}{2}\le\frac{1}{4}\Leftrightarrow-\frac{1}{4}\left(\sqrt{2t}-1\right)^2\le0\) ( đúng )
Chúc bạn học tốt !!!