Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,...
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders '" It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.
Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A. A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
B. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership
D. Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
A professional musician must fill many hats these days. Often within a (1) , members will split the roles of (2) ,promoter and booking agent betweent the group. there are also (3) solo artists who take on all of these roles or more by (4) . Thus, It's important to be able to educate yourself on the many different aspects of (5) music- making, and enjoy this process.
Of course, filling these roles (6) in a lot os work. John Roderick, who acts as the frontman, songwriter and manager (7) his band The Long Winters, once told me (8) the 18-20 hour days he would put in while in the process of releasing and (9) a new record. Of course, the payoff is that (10) is one les person to pay, and he is thus able to make a sustainable income.
1. A. band B. group C. crowd D. batch
2. A. manage B. manager C. managing D. management
3. A. many B. a lot C. lot of D. number
4. A. they B. their C. them D. themselves
5. A. profession B. nature C. professional D. natural
6. A. leads B. results C. means D. implies
7. A. about B. with C.for D. from
8. A. of B. to C. without D. about
9. A. promote B. promoting C. promoted D, promotion
10. A. near B. far C. hear D. there
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