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\(\sum\dfrac{a}{b^2+bc+c^2}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{ab^2+abc+ac^2+bc^2+abc+ba^2+ca^2+abc+cb^2}=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ac\right)}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{ab+bc+ac}\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Với mọi số thực x, y ta luôn có:
\(\left(x-y\right)^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2\ge2xy\)
Do đó:
\(a^2+1\ge2a\)
\(b^2+1\ge2b\)
\(c^2+1\ge2c\)
\(a^2+b^2\ge2ab\)
\(b^2+c^2\ge2bc\)
\(c^2+a^2\ge2ca\)
Cộng vế với vế:
\(3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)+3\ge2\left(a+b+c+ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)+3\ge12\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge3\) (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
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Bunhiacopxki:
\(\left(a^2+bc+ca\right)\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)\ge\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab}{a^2+bc+ca}\le\dfrac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{bc}{b^2+ca+ab}\le\dfrac{bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(\dfrac{ca}{c^2+ab+bc}\le\dfrac{ca\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)+bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)+ca\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Nên ta chỉ cần chứng minh:
\(\dfrac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)+bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)+ca\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\le\dfrac{a^2+c^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)+bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)+ca\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)\le\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
Nhân phá và rút gọn 2 vế:
\(\Leftrightarrow a^3b+b^3c+c^3a\ge abc\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^3b+b^3c+c^3a}{abc}\ge a+b+c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a}+\dfrac{c^2}{b}\ge a+b+c\)
Đúng do: \(\dfrac{a^2}{c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a}+\dfrac{c^2}{b}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c}=a+b+c\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
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Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Bunyakovsky, ta được: \(\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{ab}{a^2+bc+ca}=\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(a^2+bc+ca\right)\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}\le\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Ta có: \(\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2a^2bc+2ab^2c+2abc^2}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2.a\sqrt{ab}.c\sqrt{ab}+2.a\sqrt{bc}.b\sqrt{bc}+2.c\sqrt{ca}.b\sqrt{ca}}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\le\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+a^3b+abc^2+a^2bc+b^3c+c^3a+ab^2c}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = c
Áp dụng BĐT Bunhiacopxki:
\(\left(a^2+bc+ca\right)\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)\ge\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{ab}{a^2+bc+ca}\le\frac{ab\left(b^2+bc+ca\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Tương tự: \(\frac{bc}{b^2+ca+ab}\le\frac{bc\left(c^2+ca+ab\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\) ; \(\frac{ac}{c^2+ab+bc}\le\frac{ac\left(a^2+ab+bc\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
Cộng vế với vế:
\(VT\le\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2a^2bc+2ab^2c+2abc^2}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(VT\le\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+2.a\sqrt{ab}.c\sqrt{ab}+2a\sqrt{bc}.b\sqrt{bc}+2c\sqrt{ac}.b\sqrt{ac}}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(VT\le\frac{ab^3+bc^3+ca^3+a^3b+abc^2+b^3c+a^2bc+ac^3+ab^2c}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}=\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)
\(VT\le\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Lời giải:
Đặt biểu thức đã cho là $P$
Do $a+b+c=6$ nên:
$P=\frac{ab}{2a+b}+\frac{bc}{2b+c}+\frac{ca}{2c+a}$
$2P=\frac{2ab}{2a+b}+\frac{2bc}{2b+c}+\frac{2ca}{2c+a}$
$=b-\frac{b^2}{2a+b}+c-\frac{c^2}{2b+c}+a-\frac{a^2}{2c+a}$
$=a+b+c-\left(\frac{b^2}{2a+b}+\frac{c^2}{2b+c}+\frac{a^2}{2c+a}\right)$
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz:
$\left(\frac{b^2}{2a+b}+\frac{c^2}{2b+c}+\frac{a^2}{2c+a}\right)\geq \frac{(b+c+a)^2}{2a+b+2b+c+2c+a}=\frac{a+b+c}{3}$
Do đó: $2P\leq a+b+c-\frac{a+b+c}{3}=\frac{2}{3}(a+b+c)=\frac{2}{3}.6=4$
$\Rightarrow P\leq 2$ (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b=c=2$
Lời giải:
Đặt biểu thức đã cho là $P$
Do $a+b+c=6$ nên:
$P=\frac{ab}{2a+b}+\frac{bc}{2b+c}+\frac{ca}{2c+a}$
$2P=\frac{2ab}{2a+b}+\frac{2bc}{2b+c}+\frac{2ca}{2c+a}$
$=b-\frac{b^2}{2a+b}+c-\frac{c^2}{2b+c}+a-\frac{a^2}{2c+a}$
$=a+b+c-\left(\frac{b^2}{2a+b}+\frac{c^2}{2b+c}+\frac{a^2}{2c+a}\right)$
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz:
$\left(\frac{b^2}{2a+b}+\frac{c^2}{2b+c}+\frac{a^2}{2c+a}\right)\geq \frac{(b+c+a)^2}{2a+b+2b+c+2c+a}=\frac{a+b+c}{3}$
Do đó: $2P\leq a+b+c-\frac{a+b+c}{3}=\frac{2}{3}(a+b+c)=\frac{2}{3}.6=4$
$\Rightarrow P\leq 2$ (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b=c=2$
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:
\(\frac{ab}{6+a-c}=\frac{ab}{a+b+c+a-c}=\frac{ab}{2a+b}\)
\(=\frac{ab}{a+a+b}\le\frac{1}{9}\left(\frac{ab}{a}+\frac{ab}{a}+\frac{ab}{b}\right)=\frac{1}{9}\left(2b+a\right)\)
Tương tự cho 2 BĐT còn lại ta cũng có:
\(\frac{bc}{6+b-a}\le\frac{1}{9}\left(2c+b\right);\frac{ca}{6+c-b}\le\frac{1}{9}\left(2a+c\right)\)
Cộng theo vế 3 BĐT trên ta có:
\(VT\le\frac{1}{9}\cdot3\left(a+b+c\right)=\frac{1}{3}\cdot\left(a+b+c\right)=\frac{6}{3}=2\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=2\)
Ta có : \(\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-ac-bc\ge0\)
\(a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+ac+bc\)(1)
Ta cũng có : \(\left(a-1\right)^2+\left(b-1\right)^2+\left(c-1\right)^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2-2\left(a+b+c\right)+3\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+3\ge2\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}{2}\ge a+b+c\)(2)
Cộng vế với vế ta được :
\(ab+bc+ac+a+b+c\le a^2+b^2+c^2+\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2+3}{2}=3+\frac{3+3}{2}=6\)