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a) Bất đẳng thức đúng khi a = b = 2c
do đó \(\sqrt{c\left(2c-c\right)}+\sqrt{c\left(2c-c\right)}\le n\sqrt{2c.2c}\Leftrightarrow n\ge1\)
xảy ra khi n = 1
Thật vậy, ta có :
\(\sqrt{\frac{c}{b}.\frac{a-c}{a}}+\sqrt{\frac{c}{a}.\frac{b-c}{b}}\le\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{c}{b}+\frac{a-c}{a}+\frac{c}{a}+\frac{b-c}{b}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{c\left(a-c\right)}+\sqrt{c\left(b-c\right)}\le\sqrt{ab}\)
Vậy n nhỏ nhất là 1
b) Ta có : a + b = \(\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)^2}\le\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)^2+\left(a-b\right)^2}=\sqrt{2\left(a^2+b^2\right)}\)
Áp dụng, ta được : \(\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{n}\le\sqrt{2\left(n+1\right)},\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{n-1}\le\sqrt{2\left(1+n\right)},...\)
\(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{1}\le\sqrt{2\left(1+n\right)};\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{2}\le\sqrt{2\left(1+n\right)},...\)
\(\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{n}\le\sqrt{2\left(1+n\right)}\)
do đó : \(4\left(\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{2}+...+\sqrt{n}\right)\le2n\sqrt{2\left(1+n\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{2}+...+\sqrt{n}\le n\sqrt{\frac{n+1}{2}}\)
\(\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)+abc\)
\(=abc+a^2b+ab^2+a^2c+ac^2+b^2c+bc^2+abc+abc\)
\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)( phân tích nhân tử các kiểu )
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\ge\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-abc\left(1\right)\)
\(a+b+c\ge3\sqrt[3]{abc};ab+bc+ca\ge3\sqrt[3]{a^2b^2c^2}\Rightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\ge9abc\)
\(\Rightarrow-abc\ge\frac{-\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{9}\)
Khi đó:\(\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-abc\)
\(\ge\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{9}\)
\(=\frac{8\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{9}\left(2\right)\)
Từ ( 1 ) và ( 2 ) có đpcm
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Đẳng thức quen thuộc: \(a^2+ab+bc+ca=\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\) và tương tự cho các mẫu số còn lại
Ta có:
\(\sum\dfrac{1}{a^2+1}=\sum\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}=\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=\dfrac{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)
Mặt khác:
\(2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)=\left[a\left(b+c\right)+b\left(c+a\right)+c\left(a+b\right)\right]\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(\ge\left(a\sqrt{b+c}+b\sqrt{c+a}+c\sqrt{a+b}\right)^2\) (Bunhiacopxki)
\(\Rightarrow\sum\dfrac{1}{a^2+1}\ge\dfrac{\left(a\sqrt{b+c}+b\sqrt{c+a}+c\sqrt{a+b}\right)^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\right)^2\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+1}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\right)^2\)
Do đó ta chỉ cần chứng minh:
\(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+1}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\le\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Đúng theo AM-GM:
\(\sum\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\sum\left(\dfrac{a}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{a+c}\right)=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
Bài 1: (không dùng Cô-si) Bình phương hai vế, ta được:
\(c\left(a-c\right)+c\left(b-c\right)+2c\sqrt{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\le ab\)
\(ac-2c^2+bc+2c\sqrt{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\le ab\)
\(0\le\left(ab-ac-bc+c^2\right)+2c\sqrt{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}+c^2\)
\(0\le\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)+2c\sqrt{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}+c^2\)
\(0\le\left(\sqrt{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}-c\right)^2\)(đúng)
Vậy BĐT đúng. Xảy ra khi \(a=b=2c\)