Hãy nhập câu hỏi của bạn vào đây, nếu là tài khoản VIP, bạn sẽ được ưu tiên trả lời.
I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with a suitable word.
Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and ............emigrated........... (1) to America when she was ten years old. She was the first woman to .............receive.......... (2) a medical degree. Getting that ............degree........... (3)was not easy at all. She applied to twenty nine medical schools and was always refused ...........all............ (4) at that time, only men was admitted to ..........those............. (5) schools. But she never gave .............up.......... (6). She studied privately with a doctor ...........for............ (7) three years. Then she ...........applied............ (8) to all the medical schools again. This ...........time............ (9), in 1847, the medical institute of Geneva New York .............accepted.......... (10) her.
However, ...........since............ (11) Elizabeth began attending classes, the students often treated her unkindly. Also, at first she was even stopped ...........from............ (12) some of the classrooms demonstrations. Nevertheless, she ............never........... (13) stepped back. In 1853, after further study, Elizabeth Blackwell opened the New York institute ............for........... (14) women and children. Later, she added medical college for women ............so........... (15) that they could also become doctors.
Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
Supply the correct verb forms.
1. When the train reached the sixth station, Tom (get) GOT off, feeling relieved that his journey (be) WAS so easy. But he (be) WAS alarmed to see that he (get) GOT off at a station that he had never heard of. He (not know) DIDN'T KNOW what to do. He (explain) EXPLAINED his difficulty to a man who (stand) STOOD on the platform. With a look of amusement on his face the man (tell) TOLD Tom that he (travel) TRAVELLED on a train going in the wrong direction.
2. Maria is Spanish. She (live)LIVES in Madrid where she (work) WORKS for an export company. She (be)HAS BEEN with this company for 2 years now. At the moment she (study) IS STUDYING English on a one-month intensive course in London. She (arrive) ARRIVED in London last Saturday. This is not Maria's first time in Britain. She (be) HAS BEEN there twice before.
3. Albert Malta was a progressive American write. He (be) WAS born in 1908. He (write)WROTE his first play "Peace on Earth" in 1943. It was against wars, so the American police (arrest)ARRESTED him and (put) PUT him in prison 1950.
4. Ha (come)CAME back a moment ago and (turn)TURNED the television on very loudly. My son (sleep) WAS SLEEPING then, so i (tell) TOLD her turn it off.
5. Mary and John are neighbours. They (know) HAVE KNOWN each other for several years. Mary (move)MOVED into her house in 1985 and John (live)HAS LIVED next door since he (come)CAME to the area in 1980.
6. While I (walk) WAS WALKINGto class yesterday morning. I (see)SAW Tom. We (say)SAID helan (walk) WAS WALKING the rest of the way to school together.
7. Yesterday afternoon I (go) WENT to visit the Greens. When I (get) GOT there about 2 o'clock Mrs Green (be) WAS in the yard. She (plant) WAS PLANTING flowers in her garden. Mr Green (block)WAS BLOCKING the garage. He (work) WAS WORKINGon their car. The children (play) WERE PLAYING in the front yard.
Ai giúp tôi này với được kh ạ