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Theo đầu bài ta có:
\(S=1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2013}-\frac{1}{2014}+\frac{1}{2015}\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2013}+\frac{1}{2014}+\frac{1}{2015}\right)-2\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2014}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2013}+\frac{1}{2014}+\frac{1}{2015}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+...+\frac{1}{1007}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{1008}+\frac{1}{1009}+...+\frac{1}{2015}\)
\(\Rightarrow S=P\)
Vậy ( S - P )2016 = 02016 = 0
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Ta có :
\(S=\frac{1}{2}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^4+...+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2016}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2017}\)
\(2S=1+\frac{1}{2}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3+...+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2015}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2016}\)
\(2S-S=\left[1+\frac{1}{2}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3+...+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2015}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2016}\right]-\left[\frac{1}{2}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^4+...+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2016}+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2017}\right]\)
\(S=1-\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{2017}< 1\)
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Ta có: \(\frac{1}{2^2}=\frac{1}{2.2}< \frac{1}{1.2}\)
Tương tự : \(\frac{1}{3^2}< \frac{1}{2.3}\); \(\frac{1}{4^2}< \frac{1}{3.4}\); ......... ; \(\frac{1}{2014^2}< \frac{1}{2013.2014}\)
\(\Rightarrow S< \frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+........+\frac{1}{2013.2014}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+.........+\frac{1}{2013}-\frac{1}{2014}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{2014}=\frac{2013}{2014}\)
\(\Rightarrow S< \frac{2013}{2014}\left(đpcm\right)\)
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Chứng minh rổng quát, Nếu:
\(A=\frac{1}{a^{2.k}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+1\right)}}+\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+2\right)}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+3\right)}}+...+\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n\right)}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n+1\right)}}\) (a;b \(\in\) N*)
\(a^{2.k}.A=1-\frac{1}{a^{2.k}}+\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+1\right)}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+2\right)}}+...+\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n-1\right)}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n\right)}}\)
\(a^{2.k}.A+A=\left(1-\frac{1}{a^{2.k}}+\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+1\right)}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+2\right)}}+..+\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n-1\right)}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n\right)}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{a^{2.k}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+1\right)}}+\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+2\right)}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+3\right)}}+..+\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n\right)}}-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n+1\right)}}\right)\)
\(A.\left(a^{2.k}+1\right)=1-\frac{1}{a^{2.\left(k+n+1\right)}}< 1\)
\(A< \frac{1}{a^{2.k}+1}\)
Áp dụng vào bài toán dễ thấy a = 3; k = 1
Như vậy, \(A< \frac{1}{3^{2.1}+1}=\frac{1}{3^2+1}=\frac{1}{9+1}=\frac{1}{10}=0,1\left(đpcm\right)\)