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a) \(\dfrac{a}{5}=\dfrac{b}{4}\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{25}=\dfrac{b^2}{16}\)
Áp dụng tính chất DTSBN :
\(\dfrac{a^2}{25}=\dfrac{b^2}{16}=\dfrac{a^2-b^2}{25-16}=\dfrac{1}{9}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2=\dfrac{1}{9}\cdot25=\dfrac{25}{9}\\b^2=\dfrac{1}{9}\cdot16=\dfrac{16}{9}\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=\dfrac{5}{3};b=\dfrac{4}{3}\\a=\dfrac{-5}{3};b=-\dfrac{4}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(\left(a;b\right)\in\left\{\left(\dfrac{5}{3};\dfrac{4}{3}\right);\left(-\dfrac{5}{3};-\dfrac{4}{3}\right)\right\}\)
b) \(\dfrac{a}{2}=\dfrac{b}{3}=\dfrac{c}{4}\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{4}=\dfrac{b^2}{9}=\dfrac{c^2}{16}\)
Áp dụng tính chất DTSBN :
\(\dfrac{a^2}{4}=\dfrac{b^2}{9}=\dfrac{c^2}{16}=\dfrac{2c^2}{32}=\dfrac{a^2-b^2+2c^2}{4-9+32}=\dfrac{108}{27}=4\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2=4.4=16\\b^2=4.9=36\\c^2=4,16=64\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=4;=6;c=8\\a=-4;b=-6;c=-8\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy (a;b;c) \(\in\left\{\left(4;6;8\right);\left(-4;-6;-8\right)\right\}\)
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10. a) Ta có : (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2). Do (a – b)\(^2\) ≥ 0, nên (a + b)\(^2\) ≤ 2(a2 + b2).
b) Xét : (a + b + c)\(^2\) + (a – b)\(^2\) + (a – c)\(^2\) + (b – c)\(^2\)
. Khai triển và rút gọn, ta được : 3(a\(^2\) + b\(^2\) + c\(^2\)).
Vậy : (a + b + c)\(^2\) ≤ 3( a\(^2\) + b\(^2\) + c\(^2\)).
Cách khác : Biến đổi tương đương
a, \(\left(a+b\right)^2\le2\left(a^2+b^2\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+2ab+b^2\le2a^2+2b^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)luôn đúng
b, \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2\le3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2ac+2bc\le3a^2+3b^2+3c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ca\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\)(Luôn đúng)
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Ta có:
\(\dfrac{a}{b}=ab\Rightarrow a=\dfrac{a}{b^2}\Rightarrow b^2=1\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}b=1\\b=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)
+) Nếu b=1 \(\Rightarrow ab=a+b\Rightarrow a=a+1\left(vôlí\right)\)
+) Nếu \(b=-1\Rightarrow ab=a+b\Rightarrow-a=a-1\Rightarrow a=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(T=a^2+b^2=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(-1\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4}+1=\dfrac{5}{4}\)
ab=ab⇒a=ab2⇒b2=1⇒[b=1b=−1ab=ab⇒a=ab2⇒b2=1⇒[b=1b=−1
+) Nếu b=1 ⇒ab=a+b⇒a=a+1(vôlí)⇒ab=a+b⇒a=a+1(vôlí)
+) Nếu b=−1⇒ab=a+b⇒−a=a−1⇒a=12b=−1⇒ab=a+b⇒−a=a−1⇒a=12
T=a2+b2=(12)2+(−1)2=14+1=54
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\(a,\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{c}{b}\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{c^2}=\dfrac{c^2}{b^2}=\dfrac{a^2+c^2}{b^2+c^2}\left(1\right)\)
Mà \(\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{c}{b}\Leftrightarrow ab=c^2\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a}{b}=\dfrac{c^2}{b^2}\left(2\right)\)
Từ \(\left(1\right)\left(2\right)\tođpcm\)
\(b,\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{c}{b}\Leftrightarrow ab=c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{b^2-a^2}{a^2+c^2}=\dfrac{\left(b-a\right)\left(b+a\right)}{a^2+ab}=\dfrac{\left(b-a\right)\left(b+a\right)}{a\left(a+b\right)}=\dfrac{b-a}{a}\left(đpcm\right)\)
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\(a^{100}+b^{100}=a^{101}+b^{101}=a^{102}+b^{102}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a^{100}+b^{100}\right)\left(a^{102}+b^{102}\right)=\left(a^{101}+b^{101}\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow a^{202}+b^{202}+a^{100}b^{102}+a^{102}b^{100}=a^{202}+b^{202}+2a^{101}b^{101}\)
\(\Rightarrow a^{100}b^{100}\left(a^2+b^2\right)=a^{100}b^{100}\left(2ab\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2=2ab\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2=0\)
\(\Rightarrow a=b\)
Thế vào \(a^{100}+b^{100}=a^{101}+b^{101}\)
\(\Rightarrow a^{100}+a^{100}=a^{101}+a^{101}\)
\(\Rightarrow2a^{100}\left(a-1\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow a=1\Rightarrow b=1\)
\(\Rightarrow...\)
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Lời giải:
Sử dụng bổ đề: Một số chính phương $x^2$ khi chia 3 dư 0 hoặc 1.
Chứng minh:
Nêú $x$ chia hết cho $3$ thì $x^2\vdots 3$ (dư $0$)
Nếu $x$ không chia hết cho $3$. Khi đó $x=3k\pm 1$
$\Rightarrow x^2=(3k\pm 1)^2=9k^2\pm 6k+1$ chia $3$ dư $1$
Vậy ta có đpcm
-----------------------------
Áp dụng vào bài:
TH1: Nếu $a,b$ chia hết cho $3$ thì hiển nhiên $ab(a^2+2)(b^2+2)\vdots 9$
TH1: Nếu $a\vdots 3, b\not\vdots 3$
$\Rightarrow b^2$ chia $3$ dư $1$
$\Rightarrow b^2+3\vdots 3$
$\Rightarrow a(b^2+3)\vdots 9$
$\Rightarrow ab(a^2+3)(b^2+3)\vdots 9$
TH3: Nếu $a\not\vdots 3; b\vdots 3$
$\Rightarrow a^2$ chia $3$ dư $1$
$\Rightarrow a^2+2\vdots 3$
$\Rightarrow b(a^2+2)\vdots 9$
$\Rightarrow ab(a^2+2)(b^2+2)\vdots 9$
TH4: Nếu $a\not\vdots 3; b\not\vdots 3$
$\Rightarrow a^2, b^2$ chia $3$ dư $1$
$\Rightarrow a^2+2\vdots 3; b^2+2\vdots 3$
$\Rightarrow ab(a^2+2)(b^2+2)\vdots 9$
Từ các TH trên ta có đpcm.
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Để \(\frac{2a+2b}{ab+1}\) là bình phương của 1 số nguyên thì 2a + 2b chia hết cho ab + 1; mà ab + 1 chia hết cho 2a + 2b => ab + 1 = 2b + 2a
=> \(\frac{2a+2b}{ab+1}\)=1 = 12
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\(\dfrac{ab}{a+b}=\dfrac{bc}{b+c}=\dfrac{ca}{c+a}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}=\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1+1+1}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{3}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{3}{1}=3\)
\(\Rightarrow a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{a^3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=a^3=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^3=\dfrac{1}{27}\)
a, \(\left(a+b\right)\left(a+b\right)^2=\left(a+b\right)^3=a^3+3a^2b+3ab^2+b^3\)
b, \(\left(a-b\right)\left(a-b\right)^2=\left(a-b\right)^3=a^3-3a^2b+3ab^2-b^3\)
c, \(\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)=a^3+b^3\)
d, \(\left(a-b\right)\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)=a^3-b^3\)
(a+b)(a+b)2 = (a+b)3
(a-b)(a-b)2 = (a-b)3
(a+b)(a2-ab+b2) = a3+b3
(a-b)(a2+ab+b2) = a3-b3