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PAPER RECYCLINGA Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.
B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.
C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.
D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.
E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.
i. Process of paper recycling
ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment
iii. Collection of paper for recycling
iv. Sources of paper for recycling
v. Bad sides of paper recycling
vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper
Your answer:
1. Paragraph A ...........iii. Collection of paper for recycling............
2. Paragraph B ..........vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper.............
3. Paragraph C ...........iv. Sources of paper for recycling............
4. Paragraph D ............i. Process of paper recycling...........
5. Paragraph E ...........v. Bad sides of paper recycling............
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Marriage is an ancient religious and legal practice celebrated around the world. However, wedding customs vary from country to country.
The Wedding Dress: In many countries, it is customary for the bride to wear a white dress as a symbol of purity. The tradition of wearing a special white dress only for the wedding ceremony started around 150 years ago. Before that, most women could not afford to buy a dress that they would only wear once. Now, bridal dresses can be bought in a variety of styles. In some Asian countries and in the Middle East, colors of joy and happiness like red or orange other than white are worn by the bride or used as part of the wedding ceremony,
The Wedding Rings: In many cultures, couples exchange rings, usually made of golf or silver and worn on the third finger of the left or right hand, during the marriage ceremony. The circular shape of the ring is symbolic of the couple's eternal union. In Brazil, it is traditional to have the rings engraved with the bride's name on the groom’s ring, an vice versa.
Flowers: Flowers play an important role in most weddings. Roses are said to be the flowers of love, and because they usually bloom in June, this has become the most popular month for weddings in many countries. After the wedding ceremony, in many countries the bride throws her bouquet into a crowd of well-wishers – usually her single female friends. The person who catches this bouquet will be the next one to marry.
Gifts: In Chinese cultures, w edding guests give gifts of money to the newly-weds in small red envelopes. Money is also an appropriate gift at Korean and Japanese wedding. In many Western countries, for example in the U.K, wedding guests give the bride and groom household items that they may need for their new home. In Russia, rather than receiving gifts, the bride and groom provide gifts to their guests instead.
With the continued internationalization of the modern world, wedding customs that originated in one part of the world are crossing national boundaries and have been incorporated into marriage ceremonies in other countries.
111. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. Wedding ceremoniesB. Wedding customsC. Wedding dayD. Wedding history
112. The tradition of wearing a special dress only on one’s wedding day is ____.
A. about 150 years agoB. over a century ago
C. less than 100 years agoD. less than 200 years ago
113. In some cultures, the bride wears a white dress as a traditional symbol of ____.
A. modestyB. secrecyC. purityD. security
114. In some Asian and Middle Eastern.countries, which colour is NOT considered to be suitable for a wedding?
A. redB. orangeC. whiteD. blue
115. The phrase “eternal union" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to____.
A. never-ending relationshipB. lovely relationship
C. temporary relationshipD. healthy relationship
116. The word “this" in paragraph 4 refers to which of the following?
A. roleB. loveC. JuneD. rose
117. According to the passage, in which country would the wedding guests give the bride and groom money as a present?
A. BrazilB. the U.KC. ChinaD. Russia
118. Which of the following information is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Nowadays, every bride can afford to buy a wedding dress to wear only once.
B. It is believed that any person who catches the bride’s bouquet will be the next to marry.
C . It is customary to write the groom's name on the bride’s wedding ring.
D. Thanks to globalization, one country’s wedding customs may be added to other countries’.
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I. Discuss these questions. Campare your answers.
1. Explain why the writer once arrived at the airport only a few minutes before the plane left.
=>Because his secretary had got the ticket for him and he thought she said that the plane left at 10:50.
2. Whose fault do you think it was? Thư writer's or his secretary's? Give reasons for your answer.
=>Thư writer's .Because he didn`t bother to take a good look at the ticket.
3. Explain why the writer think it is essential to have at least a little local currency when you arrive in a foreign country.
=>Because this can be absolutely essential if you are flying to a place few tourists normally visit.
4. Describe some of the problems you could have if you ignore the advice in the last paragraph
=>when it is still fairly cool in London or Manchester, to places like Athens, Rome or Madrid, where it is already beginning to get quite warm during a day.
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The 19th century was a period of great change in the history of the USA. After the U.S. civil war, the Southerners were not happy with the situation which they were forced to face. The slaves were liberated, even the ones that wished to continue the old way of living. The economy of the South had gone down considerably and there was little opportunity for honest work. The growing number of blacks living as free men next to their former owners nourished the anger of some Southerners. The South was a wasteland both financially and psychologically. This resulted in the formation of secret societies, the Ku Klux Klan being the most infamous of them.
Six Confederate veterans, all in their twenties, founded the Klan. They also started the typical Klan clothing: a white robe and white "witches" hats with eyeholes. However, the purpose of this original form of the Ku Klux Klan was not political or even racist. The main aim of the Klan at the beginning was to play pranks and have fun. All of the Klan members had to attend the weekly gatherings, which "were held in the cellar of a deserted brick house standing on a hill ".
This secret society of bored young men started gradually enlarging. Soon the pranks of the original Klan were designated mainly towards the liberated slaves. They held particularly the Negroes in terror who had gained land and prospered. The original, fairly innocent secret society turned into a blood-thirsty group. By 1870 The Ku Klux Klan and their operation had been made known all through the States, mostly in a negative way. During the late 1950s and early 1960s there were several blacks murdered, and houses bombed. The Klansmen were dedicated to cutting this "bad weed" out of the American soil. It reacted strongly against the Civil Rights movement and opposed Martin Luther King. This form of the Ku Klux Klan was extremely political.
The Klan is still fairly active in the USA today. However, the times were changing and there was no point attacking blacks, as the Civil Rights movement could not be erased. It seems the violent Klan of the 1960s has changed into a society controlled by strict rules and honour codes. The members of the Klan are now dedicated to protecting the white race and the "proper Christian religion". They declare that they have the same right to preach for white power as the blacks have to being proud of their origins. The main form of action in today's Klan is protests, rallies and Internet shows. It seems that the modern Klan still fosters some of the main ideas of the Ku Klux Klan but in a more peaceful and rational way.
57. This article is mainly about .
(A) the origin of the Ku Klux Klan and how it has operated
(B) the honor code and strict rules of the Ku Klux Klan
(C) the U.S. Civil War and slave liberation
(D) the Klan’s political stand and the idea of equality
58. What is the true phenomenon after the U.S. Civil War ?
(A) No liberated slaves wanted the old way of living.
(B) The southerners soon identified with the Yankees.
(C) The economy of the south prospered.
(D) Secret societies started to form.
59. Which of the following is TRUE about the KKK before 1870?
(A) It acted against the Civil Right movement
(B) It had its members wear white costumes
(C) It held the weekly gathering in a Protestant church
(D) It was an extreme political society
60. Which of the following statements about today’s Klan is NOTtrue ?
(A) It is dedicated to protecting the white race.
(B) It takes action in the form of rallies and internet shows.
(C) It still holds hatred toward blacks.
(D) It strives to be neutral and rational.
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To be successful in the business market,it is vital for a company to keep up with all the latest technoligical development.
Nowadays it is widely accepted that running a company without computers,in particular,is virtually impossible this is why businesses are so keen to hire the best people available for their technology departments.
Apart from the needs of the technology department,it is important that almost all employees have some degree of familiarity with personal or desktop computers,even if this involves no more than the completion of a basic computer course.Like all new things,however,most people will only become comfortable with using computers after practical experience.
Thanks to computers,today's businesses are run and managed with far less difficulties than companies could hope to achieve in the past.For example,computers enable the organization of huge amounts of information and greatly speed up the preparation.
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