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\(1)\)
\(A=a\left(a^2+2b\right)+b\left(b^2-a\right)=a^3+2ab+b^3-ab=a^3+b^3+ab\)
\(A=\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)+ab=a^2+b^2\ge\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{1+1}=\frac{1}{2}\) ( Cauchy-Schwarz dạng Engel )
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\)\(a=b=\frac{1}{2}\)
\(2)\)
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}=\frac{1}{\frac{a+b+c}{2}-a}+\frac{1}{\frac{a+b+c}{2}-b}+\frac{1}{\frac{a+b+c}{2}-c}\)
\(=2\left(\frac{1}{-a+b+c}+\frac{1}{a-b+c}+\frac{1}{a+b-c}\right)\)
Có : \(\hept{\begin{cases}b-a< c\\c-b< a\\a-c< b\end{cases}}\)
\(2\left(\frac{1}{-a+b+c}+\frac{1}{a-b+c}+\frac{1}{a+b-c}\right)>2\left(\frac{1}{2c}+\frac{1}{2a}+\frac{1}{2b}\right)=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\) ???
1. A = a(a2 + 2b) + b(b2 - a)
A = a3 + 2ab + b3 - ab
A = a3 + ab + b3
A = ( a + b ) ( a2 - ab + b2 ) + ab
A = a2 + b2
Mà ( a - b )2 \(\ge\)0 với mọi a,b
\(\Rightarrow\)a2 + b2 \(\ge\)2ab \(\Rightarrow\)2 . ( a2 + b2 ) \(\ge\)( a + b )2 = 1 \(\Rightarrow\)( a2 + b2 ) \(\ge\)\(\frac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\)A \(\ge\)\(\frac{1}{2}\) . Dấu " = " xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\)a = b \(\frac{1}{2}\)
\(P=\frac{a}{2b+2c-a}+\frac{b}{2c+2a-b}+\frac{c}{2a+2b-c}=\frac{a^2}{2ab+2ac-a^2}+\frac{b^2}{2bc+2ab-b^2}+\frac{c^2}{2ac+2bc-c^2}\)
vì a,b,c là 3 cạnh của 1 tam giác áp dụng bđt tam giác có:
\(\hept{\begin{cases}b+c>a\Rightarrow2b+2c>a\Rightarrow2ab+2ac>a^2\Rightarrow2ab+2ac-a^2>0\\c+a>b\Rightarrow2c+2a>b\Rightarrow2bc+2ab>b^2\Rightarrow2bc+2ab-b^2>0\\a+b>c\Rightarrow2a+2b>c\Rightarrow2ac+2bc>c^2\Rightarrow2ac+2bc-c^2>0\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^2}{2ab+2ac-a^2}+\frac{b^2}{2bc+2ab-b^2}+\frac{c^2}{2ac+2bc-c^2}>0\)áp dụng bđt cauchy schawazt dạng enge ta có:
\(\frac{a^2}{2ab+2ac-a^2}+\frac{b^2}{2bc+2ab-b^2}+\frac{c^2}{2ac+2bc-c^2}>=\)
\(\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2ab+2ac-a^2+2bc+2ab-b^2+2ac+2bc-c^2}=\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{4ab+4ac+4bc-\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}\left(1\right)\)
vì \(a^2+b^2+c^2>=ab+ac+bc\Rightarrow4ab+4ac+4bc-\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)< =\)
\(4ab+4ac+4bc-\left(ab+ac+bc\right)\)mà \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2>0\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{4ab+4ac+4bc-\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}>=\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{4ab+4ac+4bc-\left(ab+ac+bc\right)}\)(2)
\(=\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{4ab+4ac+4bc-ab-ac-bc}=\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3ab+3ac+3bc}=\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2ac+2bc}{3ab+3ac+3bc}\)
\(>=\frac{ab+ac+bc+2ab+2ac+2bc}{3ab+3ac+3bc}=\frac{3ab+3ac+3bc}{3ab+3ac+3bc}=1\)(3)
từ (1)(2)(3)\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^2}{2ab+2ac-a^2}+\frac{b^2}{2bc+2ab-b^2}+\frac{c^2}{2ac+2bc-c^2}>=1\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\frac{a}{2b+2c-a}+\frac{b}{2c+2a-b}+\frac{c}{2a+2b-c}>=1\)
dấu = xảy ra khi a=b=c
vậy min P là 1 khi a=b=c
làm lại dong cuối:\(A\ge\frac{2}{c}+\frac{4}{b}+\frac{6}{a}\)
Mà:\(2c+b=abc\Rightarrow a=\frac{2c+b}{cb}=\frac{2}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\)
\(\Rightarrow2a=\frac{4}{b}+\frac{2}{c}\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge2a+\frac{6}{a}\)
Ta có:\(A=\left(\frac{1}{b+c-a}+\frac{1}{a+c-b}\right)+2\left(\frac{1}{b+c-a}+\frac{1}{a+b-c}\right)\)
\(+3\left(\frac{1}{a+c-b}+\frac{1}{a+b-c}\right)\)
\(\ge\frac{2}{c}+\frac{4}{b}+\frac{6}{c}\) (Do a,b,c là 3 cạnh của tam giác nên:\(\hept{\begin{cases}a+b-c>0\\a+c-b>0\\c+b-a>0\end{cases}}\)
\(=\frac{6}{a}+2a\ge4\sqrt{3}\left(cosi\right)\left(a>0\right)\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi:
\(a=b=c=\sqrt{3}\)
Do p là nửa chu vi tam giác nên \(2p=a+b+c\)
Ta có bổ đề sau: \(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\ge\frac{4}{x+y}\Leftrightarrow\frac{x+y}{xy}\ge\frac{4}{x+y}\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2\ge4xy\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+2xy+y^2\ge4xy\Leftrightarrow x^2-2xy+y^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow\left(x-y\right)^2\ge0\)(luôn đúng)
Áp dụng vào bài toán:
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\ge\frac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\frac{4}{2p-a-b}=\frac{4}{c}\)
Tương tự: \(\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{a},\)\(\frac{1}{p-c}+\frac{1}{p-a}\ge\frac{4}{b}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge\frac{4}{a}+\frac{4}{b}+\frac{4}{c}=4\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)(đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi a=b=c.
Đặt \(\hept{\begin{cases}b+c=x\\a+c=y\\a+b=z\end{cases}}\)với x,y,z dương và \(a=\frac{y+z-x}{2};b=\frac{x+z-y}{2};c=\frac{x+y-z}{2}\)
Ta có \(\frac{a}{1-a}+\frac{b}{1-b}+\frac{c}{1-c}=\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{c+a}+\frac{c}{a+b}=\frac{y+z-x}{2x}+\frac{x+z-y}{2y}+\frac{x+y-z}{2z}\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{y}{x}+\frac{x}{y}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{z}{x}+\frac{x}{z}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{z}{y}+\frac{y}{z}\right)-\frac{3}{2}\ge1+1+1-\frac{3}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi và chỉ khi x=y=z
Với x=y=z thì a=b=c => tam giác ABC đều
Cách khác :
Chu vi tam giác bằng 1 suy ra \(a+b+c=1\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}1-a=b+c\\1-b=c+a\\1-c=a+b\end{cases}}\)
Nên đẳng thức viết lại thành: \(\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{c+a}+\frac{c}{a+b}\)\(=\frac{3}{2}\)
Ta sẽ chứng minh \(\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{c+a}+\frac{c}{a+b}\ge\frac{3}{2}\)
Thật vậy, áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy-Schwarz dạng Engel:
\(\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b}{c+a}+\frac{c}{a+b}=\frac{a^2}{ab+ca}+\frac{b^2}{bc+ab}+\frac{c^2}{ac+bc}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}\)
\(\ge\frac{3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}=\frac{3}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
Vậy tam giác ABC đều.
\(\left(1+\frac{a}{b}\right)\left(1+\frac{b}{c}\right)\left(1+\frac{c}{a}\right)=8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{\left(a+b\right)\left(c+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}{abc}=8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2\left(c+b\right)^2\left(a+c\right)^2}{a^2b^2c^2}=64\)
Ta có
\(\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab;\left(c+b\right)^2\ge4cb;\left(a+c\right)^2\ge4ac\)
\(\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2\left(c+b\right)^2\left(a+c\right)^2}{a^2b^2c^2}\ge64\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(a=b=c\)=> Đó là tam giác đều
Ta có: \(\left(1+\frac{a}{b}\right)\left(1+\frac{b}{c}\right)\left(1+\frac{c}{a}\right)=8\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a+b}{b}.\frac{b+c}{c}.\frac{a+c}{c}=8\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}{abc}=8\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)=8abc\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2b+a^2c+b^2c+ab^2+ac^2+bc^2+2abc=8abc\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2b+a^2c+b^2c+ab^2+ac^2+bc^2-6abc=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(ab^2-2abc+ac^2\right)+\left(a^2b-2abc+bc^2\right)+\left(a^2c-2abc+b^2c\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow a\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)+b\left(a^2-2ac+c^2\right)+c\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow a\left(b-c\right)^2+b\left(a-c\right)^2+c\left(a-b\right)^2=0\)(1)
Vì a, b, c là độ dài các cạnh của tam giác nên a, b, c > 0 (2)
Do đó \(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a\left(b-c\right)^2\ge0\\b\left(a-c\right)^2\ge0\\c\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\end{cases}}\)(3)
Từ (1), (2), (3) \(\Rightarrow\left(b-c\right)^2=\left(a-c\right)^2=\left(a-b\right)^2=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(b-c\right)=\left(a-c\right)=\left(a-b\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow a=b=c\)
Vậy a, b, c là độ dài ba cạnh của một tam giác đều