Cho tam giác ABC. Gọi D,E,K lần lượt là các điểm thoản mãn:\(\overrightarrow{BD}\)=2/3 \(\overrightarrow{BC}\), \(\overrightarrow{AE}\)=1/4 \(\overrightarrow{AC}\), \(\overrightarrow{AK}\)=1/3 \(\overrightarrow{AD}\)
Chứng minh B,K,E thẳng hàng
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![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
a.
\(\overrightarrow{AM}+\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{CM}+\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MC}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{BM}\)
b.
\(\overrightarrow{AE}=3\overrightarrow{EM}=3\overrightarrow{EA}+3\overrightarrow{AM}\Rightarrow4\overrightarrow{AE}=3\overrightarrow{AM}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AE}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AM}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AE}=\dfrac{3}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{BE}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AE}=-\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}=-\dfrac{5}{8}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{BK}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AK}=-\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{8}{5}\overrightarrow{BE}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) B, E, K thẳng hàng
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Bài này có 1 cách cực kì nhanh, ko cần phân tích vecto, đó là sử dụng Menelaus của lớp 8:
Nếu B, K, E thẳng hàng, xét tam giác ACD có BE lần lượt cắt 3 cạnh tam giác tại E, K, B nên theo Menelaus ta có:
\(\frac{EA}{EC}.\frac{BC}{BD}.\frac{DK}{KA}=1\Leftrightarrow\frac{3}{1}.\frac{3}{1}.\frac{DK}{KA}=1\Rightarrow AK=9DK\Rightarrow AK=\frac{9}{10}AD\)
Vậy điểm K nằm ở vị trí sao cho \(\overrightarrow{AK}=\frac{9}{10}\overrightarrow{AD}\) thì B, K, E thẳng hàng
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Dễ thấy: \(\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {BA} + \overrightarrow {AC} = - \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AC} \)
Ta có:
+) \(\overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BD} \). Mà \(\overrightarrow {BD} = - \overrightarrow {DB} = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {BC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \left( { - \frac{1}{3}} \right)( - \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AC} ) = \frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
+) \(\overrightarrow {DH} = \overrightarrow {DA} + \overrightarrow {AH} = - \overrightarrow {AD} + \overrightarrow {AH} \).
Mà \(\overrightarrow {AD} = \frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} ;\;\;\overrightarrow {AH} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} .\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {DH} = - \left( {\frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) + \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} .\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {HE} = \overrightarrow {HA} + \overrightarrow {AE} = - \overrightarrow {AH} + \overrightarrow {AE} \)
Mà \(\overrightarrow {AH} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} ;\;\overrightarrow {AE} = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {HE} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} .\)
b)
Theo câu a, ta có: \(\overrightarrow {DH} = \overrightarrow {HE} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \) Hai vecto \(\overrightarrow {DH} ,\overrightarrow {HE} \) cùng phương.
\( \Leftrightarrow \)D, E, H thẳng hàng
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {AC} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a \)
Lại có: vecto \(\overrightarrow {BD} ,\overrightarrow {BC} \) cùng hướng và \(\left| {\overrightarrow {BD} } \right| = \frac{1}{3}\left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right|\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {BD} = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {BC} = \frac{1}{3}(\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a )\)
Tương tự: vecto \(\overrightarrow {BE} ,\overrightarrow {BC} \) cùng hướng và \(\left| {\overrightarrow {BE} } \right| = \frac{2}{3}\left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right|\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {BE} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {BC} = \frac{2}{3}(\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a )\)
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BD} = \overrightarrow {AD} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}(\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a ) = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b \)
\(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BE} = \overrightarrow {AE} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AE} = \overrightarrow a + \frac{2}{3}(\overrightarrow b - \overrightarrow a ) = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b \)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
\(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{CD}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{CB}+\overrightarrow{BD}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BD}+\overrightarrow{CB}=\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{CB}\)
\(\overrightarrow{OA}+\overrightarrow{OB}+\overrightarrow{OC}+\overrightarrow{OD}=\left(\overrightarrow{OE}+\overrightarrow{EA}\right)+\left(\overrightarrow{OF}+\overrightarrow{FB}\right)+\left(\overrightarrow{OE}+\overrightarrow{EC}\right)+\left(\overrightarrow{OF}+\overrightarrow{FD}\right)\)
\(=2\left(\overrightarrow{OE}+\overrightarrow{EF}\right)+\left(\overrightarrow{EA}+\overrightarrow{EC}\right)+\left(\overrightarrow{FB}+\overrightarrow{FD}\right)\)
\(=2.\overrightarrow{0}+\overrightarrow{0}+\overrightarrow{0}=\overrightarrow{0}\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
a)
\(\overrightarrow{AK}=\overrightarrow{AI}+\overrightarrow{IK}=\overrightarrow{AI}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{IB}=\overrightarrow{AI}+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{AB}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{AI}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{IA}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\)\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AI}\).
b) Theo câu a:
\(\overrightarrow{AK}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AI}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\).
\(\overrightarrow{BK}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AK}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(=\overrightarrow{BA}+\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BD}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BA}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BD}\)
\(=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BA}+\dfrac{2}{9}\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(=\dfrac{8}{9}\overrightarrow{BA}+\dfrac{2}{9}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{BE}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AE}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Vì 8/9:1=2/9:1/4
nên B,E,K thẳng hàng