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Ta có: \(A=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2017}}\)
\(3A=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2016}}\)
\(2A=3A-A=1-\frac{1}{3^{2017}}\)
=> \(A=\left(1-\frac{1}{3^{2017}}\right):2\)
\(A=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3^{2017}}:2< \frac{1}{2}\)
Vậy: \(A< \frac{1}{2}\)
\(1+3+5+7+....+\left(2n+1\right)=\left\{\left[\left(2n+1\right)-1\right]:2+1\right\}.\frac{2n+2}{2}=\left(n+1\right)^2\)
Áp dụng ta có :
\(A=\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{1009^2}\)
Ta có :\(\frac{1}{3^2}< \frac{1}{2.3};\frac{1}{4^2}< \frac{1}{3.4};...;\frac{1}{1009^2}< \frac{1}{1008.1009}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{1008.1009}\)
\(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+..+\frac{1}{1008}-\frac{1}{1009}=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{1009}=\frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{1009}< \frac{3}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{3}{4}\left(đpcm\right)\)
Trừ 1 đi thì ta chỉ cần chứng minh từ \(\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{2017^2}\) \(\frac{1}{2^2}< \frac{1}{1.2}=\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{2}\) \(\frac{1}{3^2}< \frac{1}{2.3}=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}\) ....... cứ nhu vậy cho đến \(\frac{1}{100^2}< \frac{1}{99.100}=\frac{1}{99}-\frac{1}{100}\)
Vì \(\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{100^2}< 1-\frac{1}{100}=\frac{99}{100}< 1\)
Vậy S < 2
\(5A=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{2}{5^2}+\frac{3}{5^3}+...+\frac{99}{5^{99}}\)
\(A=\frac{1}{5^2}+\frac{2}{5^3}+\frac{3}{5^4}+...+\frac{99}{5^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4A=5A-A=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+\frac{1}{5^3}+...+\frac{1}{5^{99}}-\frac{99}{5^{100}}\)
Đặt \(B=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)
Khi đó \(4A=B-\frac{99}{5^{100}}< B\)
\(5B=1+\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{5^{98}}\)
\(B=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{5^{98}}+\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4B=5B-B=1-\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)
\(\Rightarrow B=\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{4\cdot5^{99}}< \frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow4A < B\Rightarrow4A< \frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{16}\) ( đpcm )
2. \(M=\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2019}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(M=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2018}+\frac{1}{2019}\right)-2\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(M=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2019}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+...+\frac{1}{1009}\right)\)
\(M=\frac{1}{1010}+\frac{1}{1011}+...+\frac{1}{2019}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(M-N\right)^3=0\)
2.
\(\frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{3.4}+\frac{1}{5.6}+...+\frac{1}{2015.2016}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{6}+...+\frac{1}{2015}-\frac{1}{2016}\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}+...+\frac{1}{2015}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{6}+...+\frac{1}{2016}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2016}\right)-2\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{6}+...+\frac{1}{2016}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2016}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{1008}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{1009}+\frac{1}{1010}+\frac{1}{1011}+...+\frac{1}{2016}\)
Xét \(A=\frac{1}{1!}+\frac{1}{2!}+\frac{1}{3!}+...+\frac{1}{2017!}\)
\(A=1+1-\frac{1}{2!}+\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{3!}+...+\frac{1}{2016!}-\frac{1}{2017!}=2-\frac{1}{2017!}< 2\)
Như vậy A+1<2+1=3
Vậy ta có đpcm