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The first Thanksgiving was in 1621. The Pilgrims were new to America and did not know how to grow food or hunt animals. Many of them died. The Native Americans helped the Pilgrims. The Native Americans taught them how to grow corn and pumpkins and beans. They also taught the Pilgrims how to fish and hunt. The next year, the Pilgrims had a big harvest. The Pilgrims were very thankful and grateful. The Pilgrims had a huge feast to celebrate the new harvest and to give thanks to the Indians. The feast lasted for three days. This is how Thanksgiving started.
Thanksgiving Day is a harvest celebration. Traditionally, it was a time to give thanks for a big harvest. It is also a holiday to express appreciation to family and friends. This is why it is celebrated with a big family feast.
Now, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. Thanksgiving is a time when families come together and eat a lot of food. They eat big turkeys and cranberries and pumpkin pie. It is a day of gratitude and appreciation. Everybody talks about what they are thankful for. Many are thankful for family, friends and good food and the good things in their lives. What are you thankful for?
1 The Native Americans taught them how to grow corn and pumpkins and beans. They also taught the Pilgrims how to fish and hunt.
2 Three days
3 on the fourth Thursday of November
4 big turkeys and cranberries and pumpkin pie.
5 To grate and appreciate
Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
NGÀY TƯỞNG NIỆM NGÀY NAY, 11 tháng 11, là ngày mà người dân Anh nhớ đến những người lính đã chết trong Thế chiến thứ nhất (1914 - 1918), Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai (1939 - 1945) và tất cả các cuộc chiến khác kể từ đó. Ngày Poppy đầu tiên là vào năm 1921. Chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất đã kết thúc ba năm trước đó, nhưng vẫn rất khó khăn, thậm chí là không thể đối với các cựu binh ở Anh để tìm việc làm. Vì vậy, một số trong số họ bắt đầu làm và bán anh túc giấy đỏ. Họ đã đưa số tiền mà họ quyên góp cho những cựu binh bị tàn tật hoặc thất nghiệp, và cho gia đình của những người lính đã chết. Sự lựa chọn của hoa là rất quan trọng. Trong chiến tranh, những người lính đã nhận thấy cây anh túc mọc hàng năm trên các chiến trường ở Bỉ và phía bắc nước Pháp. Một bài thơ nổi tiếng từ thời đó, được viết bởi một người lính Canada, bắt đầu bằng những dòng: Trong cánh đồng Flanders * anh túc thổi Giữa các thập giá, hàng trên hàng, Điều đó đánh dấu vị trí của chúng tôi *; Giáo dục Trong những ngày trước Ngày Poppy, khoảng 32 triệu người ở Anh mua và mặc những cây anh túc nhỏ. Một số người chọn mặc anh túc trắng vì họ nghĩ rằng màu trắng tượng trưng cho hòa bình. Sau đó, vào lúc 11 giờ sáng ngày 11 tháng 11 (tại thời điểm Thế chiến thứ nhất kết thúc), có một khoảng lặng hai phút. Nhiều người dừng lại và suy nghĩ lặng lẽ về những người lính đã chết. Có những nghi lễ tại đài tưởng niệm chiến tranh ở các thị trấn và làng mạc trên cả nước. Buổi lễ quan trọng nhất là ở London, khi Nữ hoàng và Thủ tướng đặt vòng hoa anh túc tại Cenotaph, một tượng đài cho những người lính đã chết trong trận chiến. * (Flanders = phía bắc của Bỉ; vị trí của chúng tôi = ngôi mộ của chúng tôi)
Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answer
The first system of communication of animals is natural. Many kinds of animals have ways of communicating with each other. And one of the most interesting examples is that of bees. These insects communicate with each other by dancing. The most important kind of dance that they do is concerned with food. They get their food from flowers, of course, from plants and trees. When a bee has found some food, it returns to the other bees and can give them three basic kinds of information about the food: which direction it is in, whether it is nearby or a long way away, and whether it is good to eat or poisonous.
The other kind of system of communication of animals is artificial. It means animals learn it; in this case, they learn from man. Several famous experiments have been carried out with chimpanzees, trying to teach them human language.
One of these experiments was done with a chimpanzee called Sarah. Sarah was taught to understand a system of symbols which represented words. The symbols were cut out of coloured plastic, and each different shape stood for a different word. For example, a red square stood for “banana”, Sarah’s favorite fruit. Soon Sarah could not only understand words, but even sentences. She could obey orders: if her human friends put down the symbols for “apple in cup”, she would put the apple in the cup. Later, she began giving the scientists orders – she was writing her own sentences, and she got upset if the scientists did not obey her. We do not yet know whether chimpanzees will ever learn to use language to communicate as freely as human beings do, but the results so far suggest that this is at least a possibility.
41) According to the passage, bees ____________________________________.
A. learn to communicate B. are born to be able to communicate
C. are the most interesting animals D. communicate with each other by flying
42) From the passage, we can conclude that bees are _____________________.
A. so selfish as to let other bees share the bad food
B. so selfish as to look for food for themselves
C. so hardworking that they dance all the time
D. so smart that they know where the food is
43) The experiment done with Sarah is an example of ____________________.
A. animals with natural system of communication
B. animals able to communicate with humans
C. animals possible to use language as humans
D. animals with a system of communication worked out by humans
44) The results of the experiment with chimpanzees show the possibility to teach animals _____.
A. how to use language freely
B. how to give orders
C. how to obey orders
D. how to understand words and sentences
45) The phrase “concerned with” is closest in meaning to ________________.
A. interested in B. responsible for C. related to D. joined to
Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answer
The first system of communication of animals is natural. Many kinds of animals have ways of communicating with each other. And one of the most interesting examples is that of bees. These insects communicate with each other by dancing. The most important kind of dance that they do is concerned with food. They get their food from flowers, of course, from plants and trees. When a bee has found some food, it returns to the other bees and can give them three basic kinds of information about the food: which direction it is in, whether it is nearby or a long way away, and whether it is good to eat or poisonous.
The other kind of system of communication of animals is artificial. It means animals learn it; in this case, they learn from man. Several famous experiments have been carried out with chimpanzees, trying to teach them human language.
One of these experiments was done with a chimpanzee called Sarah. Sarah was taught to understand a system of symbols which represented words. The symbols were cut out of coloured plastic, and each different shape stood for a different word. For example, a red square stood for “banana”, Sarah’s favorite fruit. Soon Sarah could not only understand words, but even sentences. She could obey orders: if her human friends put down the symbols for “apple in cup”, she would put the apple in the cup. Later, she began giving the scientists orders – she was writing her own sentences, and she got upset if the scientists did not obey her. We do not yet know whether chimpanzees will ever learn to use language to communicate as freely as human beings do, but the results so far suggest that this is at least a possibility.
41) According to the passage, bees ____________________________________.
A. learn to communicate B. are born to be able to communicate
C. are the most interesting animals D. communicate with each other by flying
42) From the passage, we can conclude that bees are _____________________.
A. so selfish as to let other bees share the bad food
B. so selfish as to look for food for themselves
C. so hardworking that they dance all the time
D. so smart that they know where the food is
43) The experiment done with Sarah is an example of ____________________.
A. animals with natural system of communication
B. animals able to communicate with humans
C. animals possible to use language as humans
D. animals with a system of communication worked out by humans
44) The results of the experiment with chimpanzees show the possibility to teach animals _____.
A. how to use language freely
B. how to give orders
C. how to obey orders
D. how to understand words and sentences
45) The phrase “concerned with” is closest in meaning to ________________.
A. interested in B. responsible for C. related to D. joined to
The little chefs Hilary Rose travels to Dorset, in the south of England, to investigate a cookery course for children. There must be something in the air in Dorset, because the last place you’d expect to fi nd children during the summer holidays is in the kitchen. Yet in a farmhouse, deep in the English countryside, that’s exactly where they are – on a cookery course designed especially for children. It’s all the idea of Anna Wilson, who wants to educate young children about cooking and eating in a healthy way. ‘I’m very keen to plant the idea in their heads that food doesn’t grow on supermarket shelves,’ she explains. ‘The course is all about making food fun and enjoyable.’ She thinks that eight is the perfect age to start teaching children to cook, because at that age they are always hungry. 9() These children are certainly all smiles as they arrive at the country farmhouse. Three girls and four boys aged from ten to thirteen make up the group. They are immediately given a tour of what will be ‘home’ for the next 48 hours. 10 But one thing is quite clear – they all have a genuine interest in food and learning how to cook. Anna has worked as a chef in all sorts of situations and has even cooked for the crew of a racing yacht, in limited space and diffi cult weather conditions. 11 ‘Kids are easy to teach,’ she insists, ‘because they’re naturally curious and if you treat them like adults they listen to you.’ Back in the kitchen, Anna is giving the introductory talk, including advice on keeping hands clean, and being careful around hot ovens. 12 Judging by the eager looks on their young faces as they watch Anna’s demonstration, they are just keen to start cooking. The children learn the simplest way, by watching and then doing it themselves. They gather round as Anna chops an onion for the fi rst evening meal. Then the boys compete with each other to chop their onions as fast as possible, while the girls work carefully, concentrating on being neat. 13 When they learn to make bread, the girls knead the dough with their hands competently, while the boys punch it into the board, cheerfully hitting the table with their fi sts. The following morning, four boys with dark shadows under their eyes stumble into the kitchen at 8.30 a.m. to learn how to make breakfast (sausages and eggs, and fruit drinks made with yoghurt and honey). We learn later that they didn’t stop talking until 4.30 a.m. 14 Ignoring this, Anna brightly continues trying to persuade everyone that fruit drinks are just as interesting as sausages and eggs. Anna has great plans for the courses and is reluctant to lower her standards in any way, even though her students are so young. 15 ‘And I like to keep the course fees down,’ Anna adds, ‘because if the children enjoy it and go on to teach their own children to cook, I feel it’s worth it.’ If this course doesn’t inspire them to cook, nothing will.
A This is followed by a session on ‘knife skills’, which will be important later on. T
B She always uses top- quality ingredients, such as the best cuts of meat and the fi nest cheeses, so there’s clearly no profi t motive in this operation.FC As they wander round, they argue lightheartedly about who has had the most experience in the kitchen.T
D In the garden, they learn about the herbs that they will use in their cooking.T
E Their obvious tiredness may explain why one of them goes about the task so carelessly that the ingredients end up on the fl oor.F
F This is particularly true of young boys, who are happy to do anything that will end in a meal T
G As a result, she has a very relaxed attitude to cooking, constantly encouraging the children and never talking down to them.F
H This contrast will become something of a theme during the course.F
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The role of the female honeybee
B. Preventing fermentation in honey
C. Why honeybees build huge wax nests
D. How a honeybee colony works to make honey
2. What can be inferred from the passage about honey?
A. It's not always the same color
B. It is only liked by a minority of people
C. Watery honey can go bad easily
D. It is created and cared for by the queen bee
3. What do honeybees do to prevent fermentation?
A. Blow air on the honey by waving their wings
B. Overproduce honey using their legs
C. Feed the larvae the unfermented honey
D. Bring the honey to the honeycomb cells
4. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of honeybees?
A. They work together in their colony.
B. They produce honey through a complex process
C. The queen bee is responsible for making honey
D The worker bees work both inside and outside of their hive.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions below.
FAMILY LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES
Family life in the United States is changing. Fifty or sixty years ago, the wife was called a
“housewife”. She cleaned, cooked, and cared for the children. The husband earned the mo ney for the family.
He was usually out working all day. He came home tired in the evening, so he did not do much housework. And he did not see the children very much, except on weekends.
These days, however, more and more women work outside the home. They cannot stay with the children all day. They, too, come home tired in the evening. They do not want to spend the evening cooking dinner and cleaning up. They do not have time to clean the house and do the laundry. So who is going to do the housework now? Who is going to take care of the children?
Many families solve the problem of housework by sharing it. In these families, the husband and wife
agree to do different jobs around the house, or they take turns doing each job. For example, the husband always cooks dinner and the wife always does the laundry. Or the wife cooks dinner on some nights and the husband cooks dinner on other nights.
Then there is the question of the children. In the past, many families got help with child care from
grandparents. Now families usually do not live near their relatives. The grandparents are often too far away to help in a regular way. More often, parents have to pay for child care help. The help may be a babysitter or a day-care center. The problem with t his kind of help is the high cost. It is possible only for couples with jobs that pay well.
Parents may get another kind of help form the companies they work for. Many companies now let
people with children work part-time. That way, parents can spend mo re time with their children.
Some husbands may even stop working for a while to stay with the children. For these men there is a new word: they are called “househusbands”. In the USA more and more men are becoming househusbands every year.
These changes in the home mean changes in the family. Fathers can learn to understand their
children better, and the children can get to know their fathers better. Husbands and wives may also find changes in their marriage. They, too, may have a better understanding of each other.
Sixty years ago, most women ____________
- A. went out to work
- B. had no children
- C. did not do much housework
D. were housewives
Sixty years ago, most women were housewives.
*Ryeo*
On April Fools' Day, people in many countries play tricks on each other. Usually, the tricks (1) ___ involve _ making friends believe something ridiculous. On this day you could, for example, tell a friend there is a huge spider on their shoulder. If they believe you, you have succeeded (2) ___ in ___ fooling them, and even if you only trick them for a second, you have (3) __ the __ right to shout "April Fool!" This day, 1st April, is also known as All Fools’ Day. In some countries, such as Ireland or Cyprus, you can only try to fool someone before twelve noon. If you do play tricks after midday, you will become the fool (4) _instead _____. So it is advisable for you to do that in the morning. (5)___Whatever ___ you do for, all you want is fun rather than do harm to others. And if you don’t want to be foolish, be sensitive! But how did this (6) __tradition ___ begin? Some say April Fools’ Day originated in France when that country adopted the new Gregorian calendar. In the previous calendar, New Year was celebrated (7) ___from __ 25th March until 1st April, not on 1st January, as in the Gregorian calendar. Some people refused to (8) __follow ___ the new calendar, and continued to celebrate the New Year in spring. Other people made fun of them and laughed at them (9) __because ___ they were old-fashioned and didn't want to change. Now April Fools' Day has become a global tradition, and no one is safe! People play tricks on anyone, not just on (10) __those____ who don't want to change with the times.
Thankgiving Day is a holiday that Americans celebrate the honor of everything the country offered to their ancestors, who were among the first immigrants to the United States. When they first came to America, they saw that there were enough food and opportunity for everyone. They were even helped by the Indians, who taught them how to grow all kinds of new vegetables, such as corn and yams, or sweet potatoes.
On Thanksgiving Day, it is traditional to eat a big meal together. Americans eat food that was found here by their ancestors. They usually eat turkey with sweet potatoes, Indian corn bread, and have pumpkin pie for dessert.
Every Thanksgiving Day, a giant parade is held by one of the most famous department stores in New York. It is an annual event. And at the end of the parade, children can even see Santa Claus, who is visiting from the North Pole. Santa Claus is invited to remind children and parent that Christmas is not far away.
When the first ancestors came to America,what did they see
-When they first ancestors came to America, they saw that there were enough food and opportunity for everyone.
Is it traditional to eat a big meal together on Thanksgiving Day
-Yes, it is
Do they usually eat turkey with sweet potatoes
-Yes, they do
Who is visiting from the North Pole
-Santa Claus