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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.

        According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the tamily, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

        Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ubility, decades ot research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category ot “natural leaders. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs ot that particular group.

        Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.

        Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

                   Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect

The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT _________.

A. recruitment

B. formal election process

C. specific leadership training 

D. traditional cultural patterns

1
15 tháng 5 2019

Chọn đáp án C

Bài đọc đề cập tất cả những cách sau đây để một người có thể trở thành nhà lãnh đạo NGOẠI TRỪ _________.

A. tuyển dụng

B. quy trình bầu cử chính thức

C. đào tạo khả năng lãnh đạo

D. mô hình văn hóa truyền thống

Dẫn chứng: According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment, (đoạn 1) (Theo các nhà xã hội học, có nhiều cách khác nhau trong đó một người có thể được công nhận là người lãnh đạo của một nhóm xã hội ở Hoa Kỳ. Trong gia đình, các mẫu văn hóa truyền thống trao quyền lãnh đạo cho một hoặc cả hai cha mẹ. Trong các trường hợp khác, chẳng hạn như các nhóm hữu nghị, một hoặc nhiều người có thể dần dần nổi lên như các nhà lãnh đạo, mặc dù không có quá trình lựa chọn chính thức. Trong các nhóm lớn hơn, các nhà lãnh đạo thường được chọn chính thức thông qua bầu cử hoặc tuyển dụng.)

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks. According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger...
Đọc tiếp

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

(27) ______ of the common belief that leaders are people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have (28) ______ common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are (29) ______ two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership (30) ______ emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s members.

Điền vào ô số 30

A. which 

B. who 

C. what 

D. those 

1
30 tháng 10 2019

Đáp án A

Ở đây ta cần một đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ “ leadership” đã được nhắc đến ở trước => Chọn đáp án A. which

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks. According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger...
Đọc tiếp

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

(27) ______ of the common belief that leaders are people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have (28) ______ common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are (29) ______ two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership (30) ______ emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s members.

Điền vào ô số 29

A. typically

B. typified 

C. types 

D. typical 

1
7 tháng 1 2019

Đáp án A

A. typically (adv): bình thường, điển hình

B. typified (v): làm mẫu cho

C. types (n): loại

D. typical (adj): điển hình

Dịch nghĩa: Hơn nữa, mặc dù người ta tin rằng các nhóm xã hội chỉ có một nhà lãnh đạo duy nhất, nghiên cứu cho thấy có hai vai trò lãnh đạo điển hình khác nhau được nắm giữ bởi các cá nhân khác nhau.

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks. According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger...
Đọc tiếp

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

(27) ______ of the common belief that leaders are people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have (28) ______ common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are (29) ______ two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership (30) ______ emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s members.

Điền vào ô số 27

A. Whereas 

B. Although 

C. In spite 

D. Despite 

1
30 tháng 10 2019

Đáp án C

A. Whereas: trong khi.

B. Although: mặc dù. Sau “although” cũng là một mệnh đề

D. Despite: bất chấp, mặc dù. Sau “in spite of” và “despite” là danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ

Chỉ có “in spite” đi với “of” nên đáp án C đúng.

In spite of = Despite: bất chấp, mặc dù. Đi sau “in spite of” và “despite” là danh từ, cụm danh từ hoặc danh động từ.

Đi sau “whereas” và “although” là một mệnh đề. => Đáp án A và B sai Dịch nghĩa: Mặc dù lãnh đạo thường được cho là những người có khả năng đặc biệt, các nghiên cứu trong nhiều thập kỷ qua đã không tìm ra được bằng chứng phù hợp chứng minh rằng liệu có hay không các “nhà lãnh đạo thiên bẩm”. 

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks. According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger...
Đọc tiếp

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

(27) ______ of the common belief that leaders are people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have (28) ______ common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are (29) ______ two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership (30) ______ emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s members.

Điền vào ô số 28

A. on 

B. in

C. by

D. at 

1
11 tháng 10 2018

Đáp án B

A. on: trên

B. in: trong

C. by: bằng

D. at: tại

Cụm “in common” nghĩa là “giống nhau”

Dịch nghĩa: Có vẻ như không có một hệ thống phẩm chất cá nhân mà tất cả các nhà lãnh đạo đều có.

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks. According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger...
Đọc tiếp

Read the passage and mark A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the blanks.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may be recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually (26) ______ as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

(27) ______ of the common belief that leaders are people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have (28) ______ common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are (29) ______ two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership (30) ______ emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s members.

Điền vào ô số 26

A. happen

B. show 

C. emerge 

D. occur 

1
15 tháng 7 2019

Đáp án C

A. happen: xảy ra

B. show: tỏ ra

C. emerge: nổi bật lên

D. occur: xảy đến

Dịch nghĩa: Trong các trường hợp khác, chẳng hạn như trong các nhóm bạn, một hoặc nhiều người có thể dần dần nổi bật lên như những người lãnh đạo, mặc dù không có quá trình lựa chọn chính thức.

Dịch bài

Theo các nhà xã hội học, có một số con đường khác nhau mà trong đó một người có thể được công nhận là người lãnh đạo của một nhóm xã hội ở Hoa Kỳ. Trong gia đình, các mô hình văn hoá truyền thống đặt quyền lãnh đạo cho cha hoặc mẹ hoặc cả cha và mẹ. Trong các trường hợp khác, chẳng hạn như trong các nhóm bạn, một hoặc nhiều người có thể dần dần nổi bật lên như những người lãnh đạo, mặc dù không có quá trình lựa chọn chính thức. Trong các nhóm lớn hơn, các nhà lãnh đạo thường được chọn chính thức thông qua việc bầu cử hoặc tuyển dụng. Mặc dù lãnh đạo thường được cho là những người có khả năng đặc biệt, các nghiên cứu trong nhiều thập kỷ qua đã không tìm ra được bằng chứng phù hợp chứng minh rằng liệu có hay không các “nhà lãnh đạo thiên bẩm”. Dường như các nhà lãnh đạo không có bất kì một bản tính chung nào; thay vào đó, hầu như bất kì người nào đáp ứng được các yêu cầu đặc biệt của một tổ chức đều có thể trở thành lãnh đạo.

Hơn nữa, mặc dù người ta tin rằng các nhóm xã hội chỉ có một nhà lãnh đạo duy nhất, nghiên cứu cho thấy có hai vai trò lãnh đạo điển hình khác nhau được nắm giữ bởi các cá nhân khác nhau. Sự lãnh đạo cứng rắn chú trọng việc hoàn thành nhiệm vụ của một nhóm. Các thành viên trong nhóm tìm đến những nhà lãnh đạo cứng rắn để "hoàn thành công việc". Mặt khác, lãnh đạo với nhiều cảm xúc là loại lãnh đạo chú trọng đến phúc lợi tập thể của các thành viên trong nhóm xã hội

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.         According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the tamily, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.

        According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the tamily, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

        Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ubility, decades ot research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category ot “natural leaders. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs ot that particular group.

        Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.

        Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

                   Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect

A “secondary relationship” mentioned in the last paragraph between a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as _________.

A. distant   

B. enthusiastic       

C. unreliable         

D. personal

1
16 tháng 8 2019

Chọn đáp án A

Một “mối quan hệ phụ” được đề cập trong đoạn cuối giữa nhà lãnh đạo và các thành viên trong nhóm có thể được miêu tả là _________.

A.  xa cách, có khoảng cách

B. nhiệt tình

C. không đáng tin

D. cá nhân

Dẫn chứng: “Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group” (“Các nhạc trưởng có khả năng kết nối với các thành viên khác trong nhóm. Họ đưa ra mệnh lệnh và trật tự đối các thành viên trong nhóm, họ là những người kiểm soát việc đạt được các mục tiêu của nhóm. Các nhạc trưởng biểu đạt trau dồi một mối quan hệ cá nhân hoặc với những người khác trong nhóm”)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders '" It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

       Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.

It can be understood that________

A. Leaders are sometimes chosen formally or informally.

B. There is lots of tension and conflict in an election of a leader in the family.

C. There is usually an election to choose leaders in a family as well as in larger groups.

D. It has been said that there must be a set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common.

1
5 tháng 4 2019

Đáp án là A

Ý trong bài: In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. => informally

In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.         According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the tamily, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.

        According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the tamily, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

        Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ubility, decades ot research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category ot “natural leaders. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs ot that particular group.

        Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.

        Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

                   Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect

In mentioning “natural leaders” in the second paragraph, the author is making the point that _________.

A. few people qualify as “natural leaders”

B. there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist

C. “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the members of a social group

D. “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics

1
7 tháng 7 2019

Chọn đáp án B

Khi đề cập đến “các nhà lãnh đạo thiên bẩm" trong đoạn 2 thì ý của tác giả là _________.

A.  rất ít người có đủ khả năng là “nhà lãnh đạo thiên bẩm“

B. không có bằng chứng về việc “nhà lãnh đạo thiên bẩm" tồn tại

C. “nhà lãnh đạo thiên bẩm” dễ dàng được chấp nhận bởi các thành viên trong một nhóm xã hội

D. “nhà lãnh đạo thiên bẩm” có chung nhiều đặc điểm

Dẫn chứng: Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category .of natural leaders.”(Mặc dù các nhà lãnh đạo thường được cho là những người có khả năng đặc biệt nhưng các nghiên cứu trong nhiều thập kỉ qua đã không tìm ra bằng chứng phù hợp cho việc có “các nhà lãnh đạo thiên bẩm” hay không.)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders '" It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

         Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The role of leaders in social groups

B. How social groups determine who will lead them

C. How leadership differs in small and large groups

D. The problems faced by leaders

1
18 tháng 8 2019

Đáp án là A

Từ role - vai trò, thường có ý bao quát nên ta chọn làm ý chính. Có thể dưa vào nội dung đoạn 1

để chọn đáp án này.