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\(1^2+2^2+...+n^2=1+2\left(1+1\right)+...+n\left(n-1+1\right)=1+2+1.2+3+2.3+...+n+\left(n-1\right)n\)
\(=\left(1+2+3+...+n\right)+\left[1.2+2.3+...+\left(n-1\right)n\right]=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)\left(\dfrac{n-1}{1}+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3+2.3.3+...+\left(n-1\right)n.3}{3}=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3+2.3.\left(4-1\right)+...+\left(n-1\right)n\left[\left(n+1\right)-\left(n-2\right)\right]}{3}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3-1.2.3+2.3.4-...-\left(n-2\right)\left(n-1\right)n+\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{3}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{3}=\dfrac{3n\left(n+1\right)+2\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{6}=\dfrac{2n^3+3n^2+n}{6}=\dfrac{1}{3}n^3+\dfrac{1}{2}n^2+\dfrac{1}{6}n=\dfrac{1}{3}n\left(n^2+\dfrac{3}{2}n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{3}n\left(n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(n+1\right)\)
a) \(\dfrac{n+2}{3}\) là số tự nhiên khi
\(n+2⋮3\)
\(\Rightarrow n+2\in\left\{1;3\right\}\)
\(\Rightarrow n\in\left\{-1;1\right\}\left(n\in Z\right)\)
b) \(\dfrac{7}{n-1}\) là số tự nhiên khi
\(7⋮n-1\)
\(\Rightarrow7n-7\left(n-1\right)⋮n-1\)
\(\Rightarrow7n-7n+7⋮n-1\)
\(\Rightarrow7⋮n-1\)
\(\Rightarrow n-1\in\left\{1;7\right\}\Rightarrow\Rightarrow n\in\left\{2;8\right\}\left(n\in Z\right)\)
c) \(\dfrac{n+1}{n-1}\) là sô tự nhiên khi
\(n+1⋮n-1\)
\(\Rightarrow n+1-\left(n-1\right)⋮n-1\)
\(\Rightarrow n+1-n+1⋮n-1\)
\(\Rightarrow2⋮n-1\)
\(\Rightarrow n-1\in\left\{1;2\right\}\Rightarrow n\in\left\{2;3\right\}\left(n\in Z\right)\)
\(\dfrac{a}{n\left(n+a\right)}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+a}\)
\(\dfrac{a}{n+\left(n+a\right)}+\dfrac{1}{n+a}=\dfrac{1}{n}\)
Vậy ta sẽ CRM\(\dfrac{a}{n+\left(n+a\right)}+\dfrac{1}{n+a}=\dfrac{1}{n}\)
\(\dfrac{a}{n\left(n+a\right)}+\dfrac{1}{n+a}\)
\(=\dfrac{a}{n}\cdot\dfrac{1}{\left(n+a\right)}+\dfrac{1}{n+a}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{n+a}\cdot\left(\dfrac{a}{n}+1\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{n+a}\cdot\dfrac{a+n}{n}\)
Đã \(CMR:\dfrac{a}{n\left(n+a\right)}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+a}\)
Ta có: \(n\left(n-1\right)=n^2-n< n^2\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{n\left(n-1\right)}>\dfrac{1}{n^2}\)
\(n\left(n+1\right)=n^2+n>n^2\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}< \dfrac{1}{n^2}\)
Từ đó:
\(\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}=\dfrac{n-\left(n-1\right)}{n\left(n-1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{n\left(n-1\right)}>\dfrac{1}{n^2}\) (1)
\(\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}=\dfrac{n+1-n}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}< \dfrac{1}{n^2}\) (2)
(1);(2) \(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}>\dfrac{1}{n^2}>\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}\) (đpcm)