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\(\Leftrightarrow\left(1+ab+bc+ca\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}\right)\le\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{abc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{2\left(1+ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{abc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{2\left(1+ab+bc+ca\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{abc}\)
Áp dụng BĐT quen thuộc:
\(\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\ge\dfrac{8}{9}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)=\dfrac{8}{9}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2\left(1+ab+bc+ca\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{9\left(1+ab+bc+ca\right)}{4\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}\)
Ta chỉ cần chứng minh:
\(\dfrac{9\left(1+ab+bc+ca\right)}{4\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}\le\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{abc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2\ge9abc+9abc\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
Do \(3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2\ge9abc\left(a+b+c\right)=9abc\)
Nên ta chỉ cần chứng minh:
\(\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2\ge9abc\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca\ge9abc\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\ge9\)
Hiển nhiên đúng do \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\ge\dfrac{9}{a+b+c}=9\)
Bunhiacopxki:
\(\left(a^2+b+c+d\right)\left(1+b+c+d\right)\ge\left(a+b+c+d\right)^2=16\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a^2+b+c+d}\le\dfrac{1+b+c+d}{16}\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{b^2+c+d+a}\le\dfrac{1+c+d+a}{16}\) ; \(\dfrac{1}{c^2+d+a+b}\le\dfrac{1+d+a+b}{16}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{d^2+a+b+c}\le\dfrac{1+a+b+c}{16}\)
Cộng vế:
\(P\le\dfrac{4+3\left(a+b+c+d\right)}{16}=1\) (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=d=1\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz dạng phân thức
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{d}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+1+1+1\right)^2}{a+b+c+d}=\dfrac{16}{a+b+c+d}\) ( đpcm )
Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
Chỉ bằng các kiến thức cho trong SGK (bất đẳng thức Cô si cho hai số không âm; bất đẳng thức Bunhiacopxki cho 2 cặp số) có thể giả bài toán như sau:
Ta có \(\left(a+b+c+d\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{d}\right)=\)
\(=a\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{d}\right)+b\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{d}\right)+c\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{d}\right)+d\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{d}\right)\)
\(=4+\left(\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{d}+\dfrac{d}{a}\right)+\left(\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{b}{d}+\dfrac{d}{b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{c}{d}+\dfrac{d}{c}\right)\)
\(\ge4+2+2+2+2+2+2=16\)
Từ đó \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{d}\ge\dfrac{16}{a+b+c+d}\). Đẳng thức xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(\dfrac{a}{b}=\dfrac{b}{a};\dfrac{a}{c}=\dfrac{c}{a};\dfrac{a}{d}=\dfrac{d}{a};\dfrac{b}{c}=\dfrac{c}{b};...\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=d\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=a-\dfrac{1}{2}\\y=b-\dfrac{1}{2}\\z=c-\dfrac{1}{2}\\t=d-\dfrac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Rightarrow x+y+z+t=0\)
\(BDT\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{2\left(2x+1\right)}{4x^2+3}+\dfrac{2\left(2y+1\right)}{4y^2+3}+\dfrac{2\left(2z+1\right)}{4z^2+3}+\dfrac{2\left(2t+1\right)}{4t^2+3}\le\dfrac{8}{3}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(2x-1\right)^2}{4x^2+3}+\dfrac{\left(2y-1\right)^2}{4y^2+3}+\dfrac{\left(2z-1\right)^2}{4z^2+3}+\dfrac{\left(2t-1\right)^2}{4t^2+3}\ge\dfrac{4}{3}\left(1\right)\)
Ta có: \(4x^2+3=3x^2+3+\left(y+z+t\right)^2\le3x^2+3+3\left(y^2+z^2+t^2\right)\)
\(=3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+t^2+1\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{\left(2x-1\right)^2}{4x^2+3}\ge\dfrac{\left(2x-1\right)^2}{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+t^2+1\right)}\)
Tương tự cho 2 BĐT còn lại rồi cộng theo vế:
\(VT_{\left(1\right)}\ge\dfrac{\left(2x-1\right)^2+\left(2y-1\right)^2+\left(2z-1\right)^2+\left(2t-1\right)^2}{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+t^2+1\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{4\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+t^2+1\right)-4\left(x+y+z+t\right)}{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+t^2+1\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{4\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+t^2+1\right)}{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+t^2+1\right)}=\dfrac{4}{3}=VP_{\left(1\right)}\)
Dễ dàng c/m : \(\dfrac{1}{a+2}+\dfrac{1}{b+2}+\dfrac{1}{c+2}=1\)
Ta có : \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2\left(a^2+b^2\right)}+4}\le\dfrac{1}{a+b+4}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+2}+\dfrac{1}{b+2}\right)\)
Suy ra : \(\Sigma\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2\left(a^2+b^2\right)}+4}\le2.\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+2}+\dfrac{1}{b+2}+\dfrac{1}{c+2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}.1=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
" = " \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{a+1}\ge1-\dfrac{1}{b+1}+1-\dfrac{1}{c+1}+1-\dfrac{1}{d+1}\)
\(=\dfrac{b}{b+1}+\dfrac{c}{c+1}+\dfrac{d}{d+1}\)\(\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{bcd}{\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)\left(d+1\right)}}\)
Tương tự cho 3 BĐT còn lại cũng có:
\(\dfrac{1}{1+b}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{acd}{\left(a+1\right)\left(c+1\right)\left(d+1\right)}};\dfrac{1}{c+1}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{abd}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(d+1\right)}};\dfrac{1}{d+1}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{abc}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}}\)
Nhân theo vế 4 BĐT trên ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)\left(d+1\right)}\ge81\sqrt[3]{\left(\dfrac{abcd}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)\left(d+1\right)}\right)^3}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1\ge81abcd\Leftrightarrow abcd\le\dfrac{1}{81}\)