GLASS

Perhaps (0) __one__of the commonest man-made substances is glass. In fact, it is (16)        more common that few people appreciate its unique qualities. Glass is (17) __________________ hard and transparent. It does not expand when heated, it is a very poor conductor and it is resistant to all acids (18) __________________ hydrofluoric acid, which dissolves it.

(19) __________________ knows exactly where or when the manufacture of glass began. (20) __________________ is known, though, is that there were skilled glass makers in ancient Egypt who practised it as (21) __________________ as 2000 BC, if not earlier. The Romans are also known to (22) __________________ been particularly good (23) __________________ making glass.

Glass is (24) __________________ from sand, an alkali and other ingredients which can (25) __________________ colour it or change its properties. These changes are usually achieved (26) __________________ adding certain chemicals during the process or placing thin layers of other substances (27) __________________ two sheets of glass. The nature of the glass produced also depends (28) __________________ the quality of the ingredients used.

Nowadays, one of the main uses of glass is in windows, which to us would seem to (29) __________________ quite logical. However, the art of making glass was known long (30) __________________ it was considered suitable for windows.

THE PUBLIC GETS WHAT THE PUBLIC WANTS

When it (0) __became__ quite (1) _____ for people to own a television in the USA in the 1950s, producers were forced to (2) _____ up with different kinds of programmes. One type that rapidly (3) _____ popularity was the ‘game show’, in which contestants had to answer questions. One (4) _____ programme, which was the subject of a film called Quiz Show, caused a scandal of nationwide proportions over forty years ago.

Like all commercial television stations, the one that (5) _____ this show was interested in the number and opinions of (6) _____ who watched the programme (7) _____ the sponsors were paying a great deal of money to get their (8) _____ advertised. This put pressure on the producers. They had to make sure people (9) _____ on watching so they carried out surveys about the contestants who (10) _____ on the show. When the public grew (11) _____ of the champion, there was a danger of people watching another television (12) _____ which, in turn, would put their jobs (13) _____ risk.

In order to keep everybody happy, they had to ‘fix’ the show. They did this by giving either the champion or the challenger the answers to the questions, (14) _____ the public’s preferences and wishes. The plan worked well for a while, but when it was (15) _____ , the popularity of game shows decreased.

Part 1:You will hear two people talking about an advertisement about volunteers. Listen and complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

VOLUNTEER SCHEMES

-  Scheme 1: Volunteers work in an office, helping with maintaining database of members

-  Scheme 2: Volunteers help with raising money, 1.____________________ and sending out letters

-  Scheme 3: Volunteers help old people with different things, (e.g. doing the shopping for them, but not dealing with 2.____ _______________________

Application process

With the application, a CV and the names of 3.___ __________________________ are needed.

Volunteers have an induction course which lasts 4.___ ____________________________.

The application can be completed and submitted online.

The minimum volunteering hours per week is 5.___ _______________________.

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