Cho a,b,c,d là các số dương. Chứng minh rằng: \(\frac{a-b}{b+c}+\frac{b-c}{c+d}+\frac{c-d}{d+a}\ge\frac{a-d}{a+b}\)
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Để \(\frac{a-b}{b+c}+\frac{b-c}{c+d}+\frac{c-d}{d+a}\ge\frac{a-d}{a+b}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a-b}{b+c}+\frac{b-c}{c+d}+\frac{c-d}{d+a}+\frac{d-a}{a+b}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a-b}{b+c}+1+\frac{b-c}{c+d}+1+\frac{c-d}{d+a}+1+\frac{d-a}{a+b}+1\ge4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a+c}{b+c}+\frac{b+d}{c+d}+\frac{c+a}{d+a}+\frac{d+b}{a+b}\ge4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+c\right)\left(\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{d+a}\right)+\left(b+d\right)\left(\frac{1}{c+d}+\frac{1}{a+b}\right)\ge4\)(Cần phải chứng minh)
Ta có : \(\left(a+c\right)\left(\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{d+a}\right)\ge\left(a+c\right).\frac{4}{a+b+c+d}\left(1\right)\)(Áp dụng BĐT Cô-si)
\(\left(b+d\right)\left(\frac{1}{c+d}+\frac{1}{a+b}\right)\ge\left(b+d\right).\frac{4}{a+b+c+d}\left(2\right)\)(Áp dụng BĐT Cô-si)
Từ (1) và (2) \(\Rightarrow\left(a+c\right)\left(\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{d+a}\right)+\left(b+d\right)\left(\frac{1}{c+d}+\frac{1}{a+b}\right)\)
\(\ge\frac{4\left(a+c\right)}{a+b+c+d}+\frac{4\left(b+d\right)}{a+b+c+d}=4\)(Điều phải chứng minh)
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\(bdt\Leftrightarrow\frac{a-b}{b+c}+\frac{b-c}{c+d}+\frac{c-d}{a+d}+\frac{d-a}{a+b}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\frac{a-b}{b+c}+1\right)+\left(\frac{b-c}{c+d}+1\right)+\left(\frac{c-d}{d+a}+1\right)+\left(\frac{d-a}{a+b}+1\right)\ge4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a+c}{b+c}+\frac{b+d}{c+d}+\frac{a+c}{d+a}+\frac{b+d}{a+b}\ge4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+c\right)\left(\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{d+a}\right)+\left(b+d\right)\left(\frac{1}{c+d}+\frac{1}{a+b}\right)\ge4\)(*)
Theo Cauchy-Schwarz:
\(\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{d+a}\ge\frac{4}{a+b+c+d};\frac{1}{c+d}+\frac{1}{a+b}\ge\frac{4}{a+b+c+d}\)
Khi đó:\(\left(\cdot\right)\ge\left(a+c\right).\frac{4}{a+b+c+d}+\left(b+d\right).\frac{4}{a+b+c+d}=4\)
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Xét BĐT phụ \(\frac{a^3}{a^2+b^2}\ge\frac{2a-b}{2}\)\(\Leftrightarrow b\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)
Tương tự ta có:
\(\frac{b^3}{b^2+c^2}\ge\frac{2b-c}{2};\frac{c^3}{c^2+d^2}\ge\frac{2c-d}{2};\frac{d^3}{d^2+a^2}\ge\frac{2d-a}{2}\)
Cộng lại theo vế ta có:
\(VT\ge\frac{2a-b}{2}+\frac{2b-c}{2}+\frac{2c-d}{2}+\frac{2d-a}{2}\)
\(=\frac{2a-b+2b-c+2c-d+2d-a}{2}=\frac{a+b+c+d}{2}\)
Vậy BĐT đc chứng minh
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Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cô-si :
\(\frac{a}{b+c}+\frac{b+c}{4a}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{a\left(b+c\right)}{4a\left(b+c\right)}}=1\)
Tương tự với các phân thức còn lại, sau đó cộng theo vế ta được :
\(VT+\frac{b+c}{4a}+\frac{c+d}{4b}+\frac{d+e}{4c}+\frac{e+a}{4d}+\frac{a+b}{4e}\ge5\)
\(\Leftrightarrow VT\ge5-\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{b+c}{a}+\frac{c+d}{b}+\frac{d+e}{c}+\frac{e+a}{d}+\frac{a+b}{e}\right)\)
\(=5-\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{b}{a}+\frac{c}{a}+\frac{c}{b}+\frac{d}{b}+\frac{d}{c}+\frac{e}{c}+\frac{e}{d}+\frac{a}{d}+\frac{a}{e}+\frac{b}{e}\right)\)
\(\ge5-\frac{1}{4}\cdot10\sqrt[10]{\frac{b\cdot c\cdot c\cdot d\cdot d\cdot e\cdot e\cdot a\cdot a\cdot b}{a\cdot a\cdot b\cdot b\cdot c\cdot c\cdot d\cdot d\cdot e\cdot e}}=5-\frac{1}{4}\cdot10=\frac{5}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=d=e=1\)
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Xét \(\frac{a^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}-\frac{b^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}=\frac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}{a^2+ab+b^2}=a-b\)
Tương tự, ta được: \(\frac{b^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}-\frac{c^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}=b-c\); \(\frac{c^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}-\frac{a^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}=c-a\)
Cộng theo vế của 3 đẳng thức trên, ta được: \(\left(\frac{a^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}+\frac{b^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}+\frac{c^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}\right)\)\(-\left(\frac{b^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}+\frac{c^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}+\frac{a^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}+\frac{b^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}+\frac{c^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}\)\(=\frac{b^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}+\frac{c^3}{b^2+bc+c^2}+\frac{a^3}{c^2+ca+a^2}\)
Ta đi chứng minh BĐT phụ sau: \(a^2-ab+b^2\ge\frac{1}{3}\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)\)(*)
Thật vậy: (*)\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{2}{3}\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)*đúng*
\(\Rightarrow2LHS=\Sigma_{cyc}\frac{a^3+b^3}{a^2+ab+b^2}=\Sigma_{cyc}\text{ }\frac{\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)}{a^2+ab+b^2}\)\(\ge\Sigma_{cyc}\text{ }\frac{\frac{1}{3}\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}{a^2+ab+b^2}=\frac{1}{3}\text{}\Sigma_{cyc}\left[\left(a+b\right)\right]=\frac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow LHS\ge\frac{a+b+c}{3}=RHS\)(Q.E.D)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = c
P/S: Có thể dùng BĐT phụ ở câu 3a để chứng minhxD:
1) ta chứng minh được \(\Sigma\frac{a^4}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)}=\Sigma\frac{b^4}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)}\)
\(VT=\frac{1}{2}\Sigma\frac{a^4+b^4}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)}\ge\frac{1}{4}\Sigma\frac{a^2+b^2}{a+b}\ge\frac{1}{8}\Sigma\left(a+b\right)=\frac{a+b+c+d}{4}\)
bài 2 xem có ghi nhầm ko