Cho \(\left|a-c\right|< 3,\left|b-c\right|< 2\) . Chứng minh rằng \(\left|a-b\right|< 5\)
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a. \(2\left(a^2+b^2\right)=\left(a-b\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2=a^2+b^2-2ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2=-2ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+2ab+b^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a+b=0\Leftrightarrow a=-b\) (đpcm)
b. \(a^2+b^2+c^2+3=2\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+3-2a-2b-2c=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2a+1\right)+\left(b^2-2b+1\right)+\left(c^2-2c+1\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-1\right)^2+\left(b-1\right)^2+\left(c-1\right)^2=0\)
Vì \(\left(a-1\right)^2;\left(b-1\right)^2;\left(c-1\right)^2\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)^2=\left(b-1\right)^2=\left(c-1\right)^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a-1=b-1=c-1=0\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)
c. \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2=ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)=2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)+\left(c^2-2ca+a^2\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2=0\)
Tương tự câu b ta có a = b = c
\(P=12\left(5^2+1\right)\left(5^4+1\right)\left(5^8+1\right)\left(5^{15}+1\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(5^2-1\right)\left(5^2+1\right)\left(5^4+1\right)\left(5^8+1\right)\left(5^{16}+1\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(5^4-1\right)\left(5^4+1\right)\left(5^8+1\right)\left(5^{16}+1\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(5^8-1\right)\left(5^8+1\right)\left(5^{16}+1\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(5^{16}-1\right)\left(5^{16}+1\right)\)
\(\frac{1}{2}\left(5^{32}+1\right)=\frac{5^{32}+1}{2}\)
a)
Ta có
a chia 5 dư 4
=> a=5k+4 ( k là số tự nhiên )
\(\Rightarrow a^2=\left(5k+4\right)^2=25k^2+40k+16\)
Vì 25k^2 chia hết cho 5
40k chia hết cho 5
16 chia 5 dư 1
=> đpcm
2) Ta có
\(12=\frac{5^2-1}{2}\)
Thay vào biểu thức ta có
\(P=\frac{\left(5^2-1\right)\left(5^2+1\right)\left(5^4+1\right)\left(5^8+1\right)}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\frac{\left[\left(5^2\right)^2-1^2\right]\left[\left(5^2\right)^2+1^2\right]\left(5^8+1\right)}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\frac{\left[\left(5^4\right)^2-1^2\right]\left[\left(5^4\right)^2+1^2\right]}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\frac{5^{16}-1}{2}\)
3)
\(\left(a+b+c\right)^3=\left(a+b\right)^3+3\left(a+b\right)^2c+3\left(a+b\right)c^2+c^3\)
\(=a^3+b^3+c^2+3ab\left(a+b\right)+3\left(a+b\right)c\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(=a^3+b^3+c^3+3\left(a+b\right)\left(ab+ca+cb+c^2\right)\)
\(=a^3+b^3+c^3+3\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2-bc=x\\b^2-ca=y\\c^2-ab=z\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow x+y+z\ge0\)
\(\)Đẳng thức cần c/m trở thành: \(x^3+y^3+z^3\ge3xyz\left(1\right)\)
Áp dụng Bất đẳng thức AM-GM cho 3 số x,y,z, ta có:
\(x^3+y^3+z^3\ge3\sqrt[3]{x^3.y^3.z^3}=3xyz\)
=> Đẳng thức (1) luôn đúng với mọi x
Dấu = xảy ra khi: x=y=z hay \(a^2-bc=b^2-ca=c^2-ab\)
và \(a^2+b^2+c^2-\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=0\)\(\Rightarrow a=b=c\)
\(\dfrac{a^3}{\left(b+2\right)\left(c+3\right)}+\dfrac{b+2}{36}+\dfrac{c+3}{48}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{a^3\left(b+2\right)\left(c+3\right)}{1728\left(b+2\right)\left(c+3\right)}}=\dfrac{a}{4}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{\left(c+2\right)\left(a+3\right)}+\dfrac{c+2}{36}+\dfrac{a+3}{48}\ge\dfrac{b}{4}\)
\(\dfrac{c^3}{\left(a+2\right)\left(b+3\right)}+\dfrac{a+2}{36}+\dfrac{b+3}{48}\ge\dfrac{c}{4}\)
Cộng vế:
\(P+\dfrac{7\left(a+b+c\right)}{144}+\dfrac{17}{48}\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{29}{144}\left(a+b+c\right)-\dfrac{17}{48}\ge\dfrac{29}{144}.3\sqrt[3]{abc}-\dfrac{17}{48}=\dfrac{1}{4}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(\dfrac{a^3}{\left(b+1\right)\left(c+2\right)}+\dfrac{b+1}{12}+\dfrac{c+2}{18}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{a^3\left(b+1\right)\left(c+2\right)}{216\left(b+1\right)\left(c+2\right)}}=\dfrac{a}{2}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{\left(c+1\right)\left(a+2\right)}+\dfrac{c+1}{12}+\dfrac{a+2}{18}\ge\dfrac{b}{2}\)
\(\dfrac{c^3}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+2\right)}+\dfrac{a+1}{12}+\dfrac{b+2}{18}\ge\dfrac{c}{2}\)
Cộng vế:
\(VT+\dfrac{5}{36}\left(a+b+c\right)+\dfrac{7}{12}\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{13}{36}\left(a+b+c\right)-\dfrac{7}{12}\ge\dfrac{13}{36}.3\sqrt[3]{abc}-\dfrac{7}{12}=\dfrac{1}{2}\) (đpcm)
\(=>\left|a-c\right|+\left|b-c\right|< 5\)
\(< =>\left|a-c\right|+\left|c-b\right|< \left|a-c+c-b\right|< 5< =>\left|a-b\right|< 5\)