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TENSES
I- Hieän taïi ñôn (Simple Present):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh: S + V(s/es); S + am/is/are
- Caâu phuû ñònh: S + do/does + not + V; S + am/is/are + not
- Caâu hoûi: Do/Does + S + V … ? Am/Is/Are + S …?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì hieän taïi ñôn ñöôïc duøng ñeå dieãn taû:
2.1 Moät thoùi quen, moät haønh ñoäng ñöôïc laëp ñi laëp laïi thöôøng xuyeân. Trong caâu thöôøng coù caùc traïng töø: always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, rarely, every day/week/month …
Ex: Mary often gets up early in the morning.
2.2 Moät söï thaät luùc naøo cuõng ñuùng, moät chaân lyù.
Ex: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
2.3 Moät haønh ñoäng trong töông lai ñaõ ñöôïc ñöa vaøo chöông trình,keá hoaïch.
Ex: The last train leaves at 4.45.
II- Hieän taïi tieáp dieãn (Present Continuous):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + am/is/are + V-ing
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + am/is/are + not + V-ing - Caâu hoûi: Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing … ?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn duøng ñeå dieãn taû:
2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn ra ôû hieän taïi (trong luùc noùi); sau caâu meänh leänh, ñeà nghò. Trong caâu thöôøng coù caùc traïng töø: now, right now, at the moment, at present, …
Ex: - What are you doing at the moment? - I’m writing a letter.
- Be quiet! My mother is sleeping. - Look! The bus is coming.
2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng ñaõ ñöôïc leân keá hoaïch thöïc hieän trong töông lai gaàn.
Ex: - What are you doing tonight?
- I am going to the cinema with my father.
2.3 Moät haønh ñoäng nhaát thôøi khoâng keùo daøi laâu, thöôøng duøng vôùi today, this week, this month, these days, …
Ex: - What is your daughter doing these days?
- She is studying English at the foreign language center.
3) Nhöõng ñoäng töø khoâng ñöôïc duøng ôû thì HTTD:
3.1 Ñoäng töø chæ giaùc quan: hear, see, smell, taste
3.2 Ñoäng töø chæ tình caûm, caûm xuùc: love, hate, like, dislike, want, wish
3.3 Ñoäng töø chæ traïng thaùi, söï lieân heä, sôû höõu: look, seem, appear, have, own, belong to, need, …
3.4 Ñoäng töø chæ sinh hoaït trí tueä: agree, understand, remember, know, …
III- Hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh (Present Perfect):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + have/has+ V3/ed
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + have/has + not + V3/ed - Caâu hoûi: Have/Has + S + V3/ed … ?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì HTHT duøng ñeå dieãn taû:
2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù khoâng xaùc ñònh roõ thôøi ñieåm.
Ex: Have you had breakfast? – No, I haven’t.
2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù, coøn keùo daøi ñeán hieän taïi. (Ñi với since hoặc for)
Ex: My friend
2.3 Moät haønh ñoäng vöøa môùi xaûy ra hoặc xảy ra gần so với hiện tại. (Thường có: just, recently, lately…)
Ex: I have just finished my homework.
2.4 Trong caáu truùc:
Be + the first/second… time + S + have/has + V3/ed
Be + the ss nhaát + N + S + have/has + V3/ed
Ex: This is the first time I have been to
She is the most honest person I have ever met.
3) Caùc traïng töø thöôøng duøng vôùi thì HTHT: just (vöøa môùi), recently/lately (gaàn ñaây), ever (ñaõ töøng), never (chöa bao giôø), yet (chöa), already (roài), since (töø khi – moác thôøi gian), for (khoaûng), so far/until now/up to now/up to the present (cho ñeán baây giôø).
IV- Hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh tieáp dieãn (Present Perfect Continuous):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + have/has+ been + V-ing
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + have/has + not + been + V-ing
- Caâu hoûi Have/Has + S + been + V-ing … ?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì HTHTTD duøng ñeå dieãn taû: Haønh ñoäng baét ñaàu trong quaù khöù, keùo daøi lieân tuïc ñeán hieän taïi vaø coøn tieáp dieãn ñeán töông lai, thöôøng ñi vôùi How long, since vaø for.
Ex: - How long have you been waiting for her?
- I have been waiting for her for an hour.
* HTHT: haønh ñoäng hoaøn taát > < HTHTTD: haønh ñoäng coøn tieáp tuïc
V- Quaù khöù ñôn (Simple Past):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + V2/ed; S + was/were
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + did + not + V; S + was/were + not
- Caâu hoûi Did + S + V … ?; Was/Were + S … ?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì QKÑ duøng ñeå dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra vaø hoaøn taát trong quaù khöù vôùi thôøi gian ñöôïc xaùc ñònh roõ. Caùc traïng töø thöôøng ñi keøm: yesterday, ago, last week/month/year, in the past, in 1990, … Ex: Uncle Ho passed away in 1969.
VI- Quaù khöù tieáp dieãn (Past Continuous):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + was/were + V-ing
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + was/were + not + V-ing - Caâu hoûi: Was/Were + S + V-ing … ?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì QKTD duøng ñeå dieãn taû:
2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra vaøo moät thôøi ñieåm xaùc ñònh trong quaù khöù.
Ex: - She was studying her lesson at 7 last night.
- What were you doing from 3pm to 6pm yesterday?
- I was practising English at that time.
2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra ôû quaù khöù (Were/Was + V-ing) thì coù moät haønh ñoäng khaùc xen vaøo (V2/ed). Ex: - He was sleeping when I came.
- While my mother was cooking dinner, the phone rang.
2.3 Hai haønh ñoäng dieãn ra song song cuøng luùc trong quaù khöù.
Ex: - While I was doing my homework, my brother was playing video games.
VII- Quaù khöù hoaøn thaønh (Past Perfect):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + had + V3/ed
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + had+ not + V3/ed - Caâu hoûi Had + S + V3/ed … ?
2) Caùch duøng chính:
Thì QKHT duøng ñeå dieãn taû:
2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra vaø hoaøn taát tröôùc moät thôøi ñieåm hoaëc moät haønh ñoäng khaùc trong quaù khöù (haønh ñoäng tröôùc duøng HAD + V3/ed, haønh ñoäng sau duøng V2/ed).
Ex: - We had had dinner before eight o’clock last night.
- Lan had learned English before she came to
2.2. Moät haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra nhöng chöa hoaøn thaønh, tính ñeán moät thôøi ñieåm naøo ñoù trong quaù khöù.
Ex: - By the time I left that school, I had taught there for ten years.(Tôùi luùc toâi rôøi ngoâi tröôøng aáy, toâi ñaõ daïy ñöôïc 10 naêm.)
3) Thì naøy thöôøng ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc töø, ngöõ sau ñaây:
* After, before, when, as, once
Ex: - When I got to the station, the train had already left.
* No sooner … than (vöøa môùi … thì) hoaëc Hardly/Scarely … when (vöøa môùi … thì)
Ex: - He had no sooner returned from abroad than he fell ill.
---> No sooner had he returned from abroad than he fell ill.
(Anh aáy vöøa môùi trôû veà töø nöôùc ngoaøi thì ñaâm ra beänh.)
* It was not until … that … (maõi cho tôùi … môùi …) hoaëc Not until … that … (maõi cho tôùi … môùi …)
Ex: It was not until I had met her that I understood the problem.
---> Not until I had met her did I understand the problem.
(Maõi tôùi khi toâi gaëp coâ ta, toâi môùi hieåu ñöôïc vaán ñeà.)
VIII- Quaù khöù hoaøn thaønh tieáp dieãn (Past Perfect Continuous):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + had + been + V-ing
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + had + not + been + V-ing - Caâu hoûi: Had + S + been + V-ing … ?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì QKHTTD duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh tính LIEÂN TUÏC cuûa haønh ñoäng cho ñeán khi moät haønh ñoäng khaùc xaûy ra trong quaù khöù.
Ex: When she arrived, I had been waiting for three hours.
IX- Töông lai ñôn (Simple Future):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + will/shall + V
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + will/shall + not + V - Caâu hoûi: Will/Shall + S + V … ?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì TLÑ duøng ñeå dieãn taû:
2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng seõ xaûy ra trong töông lai: Ex: I will call you tomorrow.
2.2 Moät quyeát ñònh ñöa ra vaøo luùc noùi: Ex: It’s cold. I’ll shut the window.
2.3 Moät quyeát taâm, lôøi höùa, ñeà nghò, yeâu caàu:
Ex: I will lend you the money. - Will you marry me … ?
2.4 Moät tieân ñoaùn, döï baùo trong töông lai:
Ex: People will travel to Mars one day.
3) Daáu hieäu thöôøng gaëp: tomorrow, tonight, next week/month/year, some day, in the future, …
* LÖU YÙ: Caùch duøng cuûa be going to + V:
+ Dieãn taû yù ñònh (Ñöôïc quyeát ñònh hoaëc coù trong keá hoaïch töø tröôùc)
Ex: I have saved some money. I am going to buy a new computer.
(Toâi ñaõ ñeå daønh ñöôïc moät ít tieàn. Toâi ñònh mua moät maùy vi tính môùi.)
+ Dieãn taû moät döï ñoaùn coù caên cöù
Ex: Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain.
(Haõy nhìn nhöõng ñaùm maây ñoù kìa. Trôøi saép möa.)
X- Töông lai tieáp dieãn (Future Continuous):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + will/shall + be + V-ing
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + will/shall + not + be + V-ing
- Caâu hoûi Will/Shall + S + be + V-ing?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì TLTD duøng ñeå dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ ñang dieãn ra ôû moät thôøi ñieåm hay moät khoaûng thôøi gian trong töông lai.
Ex: - This time next week I will be playing tennis.
- We’ll be working hard all day tomorrow.
XI- Töông lai hoaøn thaønh (Future Perfect):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + will/shall + have + V3/ed
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + will/shall + not + have + V3/ed
- Caâu hoûi Will/Shall + S + have + V3/ed?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì TLHT duøng ñeå dieãn taû:
2.1 Moät haønh ñoäng seõ hoaøn taát tröôùc moät thôøi ñieåm trong töông lai.
Ex: It’s now 7pm. I will have finished teaching this class by 8.30.
(Baây giôø laø 7 giôø toái. Toâi seõ daïy xong lôùp naøy luùc 8g30.)
2.2 Moät haønh ñoäng seõ hoaøn taát tröôùc moät haønh ñoäng khaùc trong töông lai.
Ex: By the time you come back, I will have written this letter.
(Vaøo luùc anh trôû laïi, toâi seõ vieát xong laù thö naøy.)
* Thì naøy thöôøng ñöôïc baét ñaàu baèng By + time (By then, By the time, By the end of this week/month/year).
XII- Töông lai hoaøn thaønh tieáp dieãn (Future Perfect Continuous):
1) Caùch thaønh laäp:
- Caâu khaúng ñònh S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing
- Caâu phuû ñònh S + will/shall + not + have + been + V-ing
- Caâu hoûi Will/Shall + S + have + been + V-ing?
2) Caùch duøng chính: Thì TLHTTD duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh tính LIEÂN TUÏC cuûa haønh ñoäng so vôùi moät thôøi ñieåm naøo ñoù hoaëc haønh ñoäng khaùc trong töông lai.
Ex: - By next month, he will have been working in the office for ten years.
- When George gets his degree, he will have been studying at
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