Bài 1. Chứng minh bất đẳng thức sau
1,\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\),với a,b,c là 3 cạnh của tam giác, p là nửa chu vi.
2,\(a\sqrt{b-1}+b\sqrt{a-1}\le ab\),với \(a\ge1,b\ge1\)
3,Tìm giá trị nhỏ nhất.
a,\(A=x+\frac{1}{x-1}\) ,với x > 1.
b, \(B=\frac{4}{x}+\frac{1}{4y}\),với x,y > 0 và \(x+y=\frac{5}{4}\)
4, \(C=a+b+\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\)với a,b > 0 và \(a+b\le1\)
5,\(D=a^3+b^3+c^3\) với a,b,c > 0 và \(ab+bc+ca=3\)
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![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
ta sử dụng bđt \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\ge\frac{4}{a+b}\)(cái này bạn có thể dễ dàng chúng minh )
ta có
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\ge\frac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\frac{4}{2p-\left(a+b\right)}=\frac{4}{c}\)(1)
tương tự ta có
\(\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{a}\) (2)
\(\frac{1}{p-c}+\frac{1}{p-a}\ge\frac{4}{b}\)(3)
cộng theo vế của bđt (1);(2);(3) ta có
\(2\left(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge4\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
hay \(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Áp dụng BĐT \(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\ge\frac{4}{x+y}\)với mọi x,y>0
Ta có: \(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\ge\frac{4}{2p-a-b}=\frac{4}{c}\)
Tương tự \(\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{a}\)
\(\frac{1}{p-c}+\frac{1}{p-a}\ge\frac{4}{b}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge4\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Lời giải
Theo đề bài thì \(p=\frac{a+b+c}{2}\Rightarrow p-a=\frac{a+b+c}{2}-a=\frac{b+c-a}{2}\)
Tương tự: \(p-b=\frac{c+a-b}{2};p-c=\frac{a+b-c}{2}\)
Ta cần c/m: \(\frac{2}{b+c-a}+\frac{2}{c+a-b}+\frac{2}{a+b-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
Ta có: \(VT=\left(\frac{1}{b+c-a}+\frac{1}{c+a-b}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{c+a-b}+\frac{1}{a+b-c}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{a+b-c}+\frac{1}{b+c-a}\right)\)
\(\ge\frac{4}{2c}+\frac{4}{2a}+\frac{4}{2b}=2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)^{\left(đpcm\right)}\)
Ta có:\(p-a=\frac{a+b+c}{2}-a=\frac{b+c-a}{2}\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{p-a}=\frac{2}{b+c-a}\)
Tương tự ta có:
\(\frac{1}{p-b}=\frac{2}{a+c-b}\)
\(\frac{1}{p-c}=\frac{2}{a+b-c}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}=2\left(\frac{1}{a+c-b}+\frac{1}{b+c-a}+\frac{1}{a+b-c}\right)\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy-Schwarz dạng engel ta có:
\(\frac{1}{b+c-a}=\frac{\left(1+1-1\right)^2}{b+c-a}\ge\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}-\frac{1}{a}\)
Tương tự,ta có:
\(\frac{1}{a+b-c}\ge\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}-\frac{1}{c}\)
\(\frac{1}{a+c-b}\ge\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{c}-\frac{1}{b}\)
Cộng vế theo vế ta được:
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)^{đpcm}\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Áp dungj BĐt Cauchy - Schwarz :
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\ge\frac{4}{2p-a-b}=\frac{4}{c}\)
\(\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{2p-b-c}=\frac{4}{a}\)
\(\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{2p-b-c}=\frac{4}{a}\)
Cộng theo vế và thu gọn ta được :
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
Ta có : đpcm
Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
Ta có
\(P=\frac{a+b+c}{2}\Rightarrow2p=a+b+c\)
áp dụng bđt Cauchy-Schwarz ta có
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\ge\frac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\frac{4}{2p-a-b}=\frac{4}{a+b+c-a-b}=\frac{4}{c}\left(1\right)\)
C/m tương tự ta có
\(\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{a}\left(2\right)\)
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{b}\left(3\right)\)
Cộng vế theo vế (1) (2) và (3) => đpcm
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Do p là nửa chu vi tam giác nên \(2p=a+b+c\)
Ta có bổ đề sau: \(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\ge\frac{4}{x+y}\Leftrightarrow\frac{x+y}{xy}\ge\frac{4}{x+y}\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2\ge4xy\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+2xy+y^2\ge4xy\Leftrightarrow x^2-2xy+y^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow\left(x-y\right)^2\ge0\)(luôn đúng)
Áp dụng vào bài toán:
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\ge\frac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\frac{4}{2p-a-b}=\frac{4}{c}\)
Tương tự: \(\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{a},\)\(\frac{1}{p-c}+\frac{1}{p-a}\ge\frac{4}{b}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge\frac{4}{a}+\frac{4}{b}+\frac{4}{c}=4\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)(đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi a=b=c.
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Dễ dàng CM BĐT sau: \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\ge\frac{4}{a+b},\forall a,b>0\)
Áp dung: \(\hept{\begin{cases}\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\ge\frac{4}{2p-a-b}=\frac{4}{c}\\\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge\frac{4}{2p-b-c}=\frac{4}{a}\\\frac{1}{p-c}+\frac{1}{p-a}\ge\frac{4}{2p-c-a}=\frac{4}{b}\end{cases}}\)
Cộng vế theo vế các BĐT trên => ĐPCM
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
\(1)\)
\(A=a\left(a^2+2b\right)+b\left(b^2-a\right)=a^3+2ab+b^3-ab=a^3+b^3+ab\)
\(A=\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)+ab=a^2+b^2\ge\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{1+1}=\frac{1}{2}\) ( Cauchy-Schwarz dạng Engel )
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\)\(a=b=\frac{1}{2}\)
\(2)\)
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}=\frac{1}{\frac{a+b+c}{2}-a}+\frac{1}{\frac{a+b+c}{2}-b}+\frac{1}{\frac{a+b+c}{2}-c}\)
\(=2\left(\frac{1}{-a+b+c}+\frac{1}{a-b+c}+\frac{1}{a+b-c}\right)\)
Có : \(\hept{\begin{cases}b-a< c\\c-b< a\\a-c< b\end{cases}}\)
\(2\left(\frac{1}{-a+b+c}+\frac{1}{a-b+c}+\frac{1}{a+b-c}\right)>2\left(\frac{1}{2c}+\frac{1}{2a}+\frac{1}{2b}\right)=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\) ???
1. A = a(a2 + 2b) + b(b2 - a)
A = a3 + 2ab + b3 - ab
A = a3 + ab + b3
A = ( a + b ) ( a2 - ab + b2 ) + ab
A = a2 + b2
Mà ( a - b )2 \(\ge\)0 với mọi a,b
\(\Rightarrow\)a2 + b2 \(\ge\)2ab \(\Rightarrow\)2 . ( a2 + b2 ) \(\ge\)( a + b )2 = 1 \(\Rightarrow\)( a2 + b2 ) \(\ge\)\(\frac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\)A \(\ge\)\(\frac{1}{2}\) . Dấu " = " xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\)a = b \(\frac{1}{2}\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
a) Áp dụng BĐT \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\ge\frac{4}{a+b}\) ta có:
\(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\ge\frac{4}{2p-a-b}=\frac{4}{a+b+c-a-b}=\frac{4}{c}\left(p=\frac{a+b+c}{2}\right)\)
Tương tự rồi cộng theo vế:
\(2VT\ge\frac{4}{a}+\frac{4}{b}+\frac{4}{c}=2VP\Leftrightarrow VT\ge VP\)
Dấu "=" khi \(a=b=c\)
b)sai đề
3. a) \(A=x+\frac{1}{x-1}=x-1+\frac{1}{x-1}+1\ge2\sqrt{\left(x-1\right)\cdot\frac{1}{x-1}}+1=3\)
Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow x-1=\frac{1}{x-1}\Leftrightarrow x=2\)
Min \(A=3\Leftrightarrow x=2\)
b) \(B=\frac{4}{x}+\frac{1}{4y}=\frac{4}{x}+4x+\frac{1}{4y}+4y\cdot-4\left(x+y\right)\)
\(\ge2\sqrt{\frac{4}{x}\cdot4x}+2\sqrt{\frac{1}{4y}\cdot4y}-4\cdot\frac{5}{4}=5\)
Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\frac{4}{x}=4x\\\frac{1}{4y}=4y\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=\frac{1}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)
Min \(B=5\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=\frac{1}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)
4. Chắc đề là tìm min???
\(C=a+b+\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\ge a+b+\frac{4}{a+b}=a+b+\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{3}{a+b}\)
\(\ge2\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\cdot\frac{1}{a+b}}+\frac{3}{1}=5\)
Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=b\\a+b=\frac{1}{a+b}\\a+b=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow a=b=\frac{1}{2}\)
Min \(C=5\Leftrightarrow a=b=\frac{1}{2}\)
1. Áp dụng bđt \(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\ge\frac{4}{x+y}\) ta có:
\(\left(\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{p-c}+\frac{1}{p-a}\right)\)
\(\ge\frac{4}{2p-a-b}+\frac{4}{2p-b-c}+\frac{4}{2p-a-c}\) \(=\frac{4}{c}+\frac{4}{a}+\frac{4}{b}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{p-a}+\frac{1}{p-b}+\frac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)
2. Áp dụng bđt Cauchy ta có :
\(a\sqrt{b-1}=a\sqrt{\left(b-1\right)\cdot1}\le a\cdot\frac{b-1+1}{2}=\frac{ab}{2}\) . Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow b-1=1\Leftrightarrow b=2\)
+ Tương tự : \(b\sqrt{a-1}\le\frac{ab}{2}\). Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow a=2\)
Do đó: \(a\sqrt{b-1}+b\sqrt{a-1}\le ab\). Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=2\)