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London's cycle hire scheme
A. London is a 'world city': one of the most important economic and financial hubs in the world. It has a population of around eight million people and contains hundreds of iconic buildings which are recognized over the world. London receives around 20 million visitors each year, a large proportion from overseas, who mingle with further millions of people who travel into the city from a wide area to work in the central area. It is frequently rated as providing the most satisfying 'cultural experience' for visitors to any city.
B. One of the challenges involved in managing (and living in) such a huge city is the abity to mo ve people efficiently around it, for the purposes of work and leisure, and at reasonable cost. The London blackberry cab is one responese to this problem. The much quoted result of million of daily vehicle fondements is a very low average speed for traffic on London's roads and frequent suggestion problems.
C. Many cities have taken steps to reduce the amount of traffic on the roads by adopting a range of measures which can broadly be described as either 'carrots' or 'sticks': those which eigher promote, or discourage certain activity. London has already been forced into trying a number of measures to reduce traffic congestion. There have included:
.Traffic management systems which included the world's first traffic light. It was installed outside the Houses of Parliament in 1868 to reduce congestion in this area.
.An underground system which was the first in the world. The first section opened in 1863, and the network is still developing. Since 2003, it has been managed by Transport for London. The classic London Tube map forms part of city's cultural heritage, and has been much copied and adapted elsewhere.
• The Cross Rail development: due to provide high frequency
rail services through two new tunnels under Central London from 2017.
• The congestion charging system – introduced in 2003, and extended in 2007 - charges many motorists (there are some exemptions) £10 to enter the central charging zone between 7am-6pm Monday to Friday.
• The Oyster card – an automated charging system which speeds up the use of public transport using a specially chipped card, which can be pre-charged with ‘credit’.
D. The latest solution is the Barclays London Cycle Hire Scheme. In 2010, London joined a growing list of cities that had turned to the bicycle for a possible solution to traffi c congestion. Cities like Amsterdam have long since been associated with bicycles. Other cities that already have cycle hire schemes include Paris, Copenhagen and Barcelona. In Paris, the system is known as the Velib scheme, a word which merges the word for bicycle with
freedom. It is funded by advertising. The London scheme was launched on the 30th July 2010 with an initial total of 5,000 bikes spread around 315 locations, with plans for further extensions. The bikes are fairly robust so that they can withstand the knocks of daily use. The are fitted with dyamo-powered LED lights, have three gears, achain guard and a bell. Each bike is also fitted with a Radio frequency Identification (RFID) chip, so that its location can be tracked. The bkes have puncture-proof tyres and are regularly checked over the mechanical faults.
E. It is hoped that people will experience London in a more direct way. Instead of descending into the earth, they will cycle the streets and thus gain “a different view” of London and improve their own mental maps of the city. They will also be getting exercise, which in an age of soaring obesity rates can only be a good thing, can’t it?
Enough reading, time for you to get out there and start pedalling!
Choose the most summary below with ONE WORD from the passage.
i. Current and past actions.
ii. Congestion and population.
iii. Problems on the roads.
iv. The best city in the world.
v. A center of activity.
vi. The many benefits of cyclings
vii. Cycling in European cities.
viii. A new initiative
ix. Rail systems.
1. Section A:............iv......
2. Section B:.........iii.........
3.Section C:.........ii..........
4. Section D:......vi...........
5. Section E:.........viii.........
(1) Scientists have been studying an ocean event who => which is the cause of drastic changes in weather around the world. (2) This event is an increase in the temperature of the Pacific Ocean that appear =>appears around Christmas off the coast of Peru. (3) Hence, the Peruvian fishermen whom => who first noticed it named it El Nino, a name that means "the Christ child" in Spanish. (4) The causes of this rise in ocean temperatures are unknown, but its effects are obvious and devastating.
• (5) One of El Nino's far-reaching effects is that it threatens Peru's vital anchovy harvest, which could mean higher prices for food. (6) The warm water of El Nino keeps the cold water which provides anchovies with food down at the bottom of the ocean. (7) Anchovies are the primary source of fish meal, which is the main ingredient in livestock and chicken feed."
(8) In addition, guano from birds who => that feed off the anchovies is a major source of fertilizer for farmers. (9) As a result of decreasing supplies of anchovies and guano, the prices of chicken feed, livestock feed, and fertilizer rise. (10) This causes farmers, who they => who must pay more for feed and fertilizer, to charge more for the food they produces. (11) The prices of eggs, meat, and even bread have soared as a result of El Ninos in past years.